BeyondTheBits2023.5.21---太陽能人造樹葉
Chat YouTube:
探討太陽能人造葉的概念，它模仿光合作用的自然過程，將陽光轉化為清潔和可持續的能源。人造樹葉由吸光材料和催化劑組成，兩者都利用太陽能促進化學反應產生氫氣或其他形式的能量。
人造葉的主要應用是通過人工光合作用過程生產清潔和可再生能源，為化石燃料提供可持續的替代品。其緊湊輕巧的設計使其易於部署在各種環境中，並且可以集成到窗戶或屋頂等建築材料中。但是，需要克服一些挑戰，
Q:人造樹葉的主要應用是什麼？
Chat YouTube:
人造葉的主要應用是通過人工光合作用過程生產清潔和可再生能源，為化石燃料提供可持續的替代品。
Q:太陽能人造樹葉如何為可持續發展和更綠色的未來做出貢獻？
Chat YouTube:
太陽能人造 Leaf 可以利用陽光的能量並將其轉化為清潔能源，從而為可持續發展和更綠色的未來做出貢獻。 這項技術使我們能夠減少對化石燃料的依賴並減輕氣候變化的負面影響。 人造 Leaf 有可能徹底改變能源部門，並在向低碳經濟轉型中發揮關鍵作用。 通過複製光合作用過程，人工葉技術使我們能夠將陽光轉化為可用能量，減少我們的碳足跡和對不可再生資源的依賴。
Q:那些地區正使用Solar-Powered Artificial Lea
Chat YouTube:
目前，Solar-Powered Artificial Leaf技術仍在研發和改進中，尚未普及商業應用。
然而，許多實驗室和研究組織正在進行相關的研究和試驗，以探索Solar-Powered Artificial Leaf的應用和效益。
未來，隨著技術的進一步發展和完善，我們可能會看到Solar-Powered Artificial Leaf在開發中國家和遠離電網的地區提供可持續和廉價的能源，從而改善當地人民的生活質量。
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welcome back to our YouTube channel in
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today's video we're going to explore an
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exciting innovation in renewable energy
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technology the solar-powered artificial
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leaf
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imagine a leaf that can harness sunlight
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and convert it into clean sustainable
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energy in this video we'll delve into
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the concept of the artificial Leaf its
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potential applications and how it can
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contribute to a Greener future
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so let's get started plants have been
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Nature's solar panels for millions of
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years converting sunlight into energy
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through the process of photosynthesis
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inspired by this natural phenomenon
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scientists and researchers have
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developed the concept of an artificial
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Leaf a technology that mimics the Leaf's
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ability to harness solar energy and
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convert it into usable power how does
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the artificial Leaf work the artificial
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Leaf consists of two key components a
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light absorbing material and a catalyst
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the light absorbing material captures
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sunlight similar to how chlorophyll
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captures sunlight in Plants it then uses
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this energy to facilitate a chemical
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reaction the Catalyst often made of
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abundant and inexpensive materials helps
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Drive the reaction that produces
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hydrogen or other forms of energy energy
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conversion and storage the primary
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application of the artificial Leaf is in
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the production of clean renewable energy
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through the process of artificial
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photosynthesis the leaf-like device uses
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sunlight to split water molecules into
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hydrogen and oxygen the hydrogen gas can
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be collected and used as a clean fuel
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source either directly or in fuel cells
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this technology provides a sustainable
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alternative to fossil fuels and reduces
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carbon emissions potential applications
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the artificial Leaf technology has a
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wide range of potential applications one
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promising application is in developing
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countries or remote areas where access
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to electricity is limited these solar
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powered leaves can be used to generate
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electricity off-grid providing a
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sustainable and affordable energy source
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for communities
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Additionally the artificial Leaf can be
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integrated into building materials such
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as Windows or roofs to capture sunlight
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and generate power advantages and
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challenges the artificial Leaf offers
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several advantages over traditional
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solar panels it can be produced using
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cost-effective and widely available
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materials making it more accessible to a
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larger population moreover its Compact
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and lightweight design allows for easy
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deployment in various settings
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however there are still challenges to
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overcome such as improving efficiency
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and durability as well as scaling up
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production for practical implementation
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contributions to a Greener future the
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development of the artificial Leaf
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technology represents a significant step
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towards achieving a sustainable and
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Greener future by harnessing the power
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of sunlight and converting it into clean
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energy we can reduce our Reliance on
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fossil fuels and mitigate the negative
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impacts of climate change the artificial
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Leaf has the potential to revolutionize
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the energy sector and play a crucial
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role in transitioning to a low-carbon
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economy in conclusion the solar-powered
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artificial Leaf is a remarkable
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Innovation that brings us closer to a
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sustainable energy future
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by replicating the process of
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photosynthesis this technology allows us
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to convert sunlight into usable energy
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reducing our carbon footprint and
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dependence on non-renewable resources as
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researchers continue to refine and
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improve this technology we can look
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forward to a world powered by clean and
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abundant solar energy
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thank you for watching this video on the
3:46
solar-powered artificial leaf if you
3:49
found it interesting and informative
3:51
please give it a thumbs up and subscribe
3:53
to our channel for more exciting content
3:55
on renewable energy and Innovative
3:57
Technologies remember together we can
4:00
make a difference in building a Greener
4:02
and more sustainable world
EyeTech2023.5.29---碳捕獲解決方案
Chat YouTube:
麻省理工學院的科學家開發了一種新的、具有成本效益的碳捕獲技術，該技術基於一種化學過程，該過程使用電化學電池從空氣或海洋中捕獲二氧化碳。該過程涉及塗有特殊聚合物的電極，該聚合物選擇性地與 CO2 分子結合，當暴露在空氣中時，這些分子會被吸引到電極上。在海洋碳捕獲的情況下，該團隊開發了一種無膜電化學電池，該電池通過一系列反應電池逆轉海水供給，導致溶解的二氧化碳逸出，酸化水，將溶解的無機碳酸氫鹽轉化為分子二氧化碳，並回收質子. 該系統可以將二氧化碳轉化為乙醇等物質，埋入海底深處的地質構造中，或用作化學或材料製造的原料。
Q:與早期方法相比，是什麼讓新的麻省理工學院碳捕獲技術更具成本效益和效率？
Chat YouTube:
麻省理工學院的新碳捕獲技術比早期方法更具成本效益和效率，因為它使用簡單的化學過程，使用電化學電池直接從空氣或海洋中捕獲二氧化碳。 該技術涉及塗有特殊聚合物的電極，該聚合物選擇性地與 CO2 分子結合，當暴露在空氣中時，這些分子會被吸引到電極上。 這個過程是可逆的，允許在需要時輕鬆釋放捕獲的二氧化碳，並且該系統可以將二氧化碳轉化為乙醇等物質，或用作化學或材料製造的原料。 與早期的方法相比，新技術更高效、更實惠，有可能在緩解氣候變化和保護我們的星球方面發揮關鍵作用。
Q:除了乙醇，從海水中捕獲的二氧化碳還可以轉化為哪些其他特種化學品？
Chat YouTube:
除了乙醇，從海水中捕獲的二氧化碳還可以轉化為其他特種化學品。 可以生產的確切化學品取決於用於轉化 CO2 的具體方法，但可以從 CO2 生產的特種化學品的例子包括甲醇、甲酸和乙酸等。 這些特種化學品具有多種工業應用，包括作為溶劑、防腐劑和更複雜化學品的基礎材料。 通過使用從海水中捕獲的二氧化碳生產特種化學品，我們可以減少對化石燃料的依賴並限制溫室氣體排放，從而有助於緩解氣候變化。
Q:在全球範圍內獨立運營的碳去除廠如何幫助緩解氣候變化和減少碳排放？
Chat YouTube:
遍布全球的碳去除廠可以通過各種方法幫助緩解氣候變化和減少碳排放。 這些植物可以從空氣、海洋或工業過程中捕獲和儲存二氧化碳。 捕獲的碳可以轉化為有用的產品或儲存在地質構造或固體物質中，從而有效地從大氣或水中去除碳。
通過在全球範圍內部署這些工廠，可以顯著擴大碳去除規模。 這意味著可以通過從大氣和其他來源捕獲和儲存二氧化碳來抵消或減少碳排放。 除碳工廠也可以位於靠近城市地區、工業區或主要污染源的地方，這有助於抵消這些地區的碳排放。
此外，除碳廠可以幫助減少包括航運、航空和農業在內的各個工業部門的碳排放對環境的影響。 它們還可以幫助恢復固碳的自然生態系統，例如森林和濕地。
總體而言，在全球範圍內部署碳清除工廠有助於減輕氣候變化的影響並減少碳排放。 這是減少溫室氣體排放的有效方法，並且作為解決氣候危機的有前途的戰略正在獲得關注。
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hello everyone and welcome back to itech
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let me welcome you all to this exciting
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news update on the latest breakthrough
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in carbon capture technology a team of
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scientists at MIT has made a significant
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achievement in developing a new method
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for capturing carbon dioxide from the
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air and oceans this technology has the
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potential to play a crucial role in
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mitigating climate change and protecting
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our planet
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in this video we will talk about how
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this groundbreaking carbon captures
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technology works and its potential
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benefits for our oceans and our planet
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capture of carbon dioxide from Air
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carbon capture technology has been
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around for some time but the process has
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been expensive and energy intensive MIT
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scientists have developed a new approach
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that is more efficient and cost
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effective the technology is based on a
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simple chemical process that uses an
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electrochemical cell to capture carbon
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dioxide directly from the air the device
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consists of two electrodes with a liquid
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electrolyte between them the electrodes
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are coated with a thin layer of a
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special polymer that selectively binds
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to carbon dioxide molecules when the
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device is exposed to the air carbon
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dioxide molecules are attracted to the
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electrode and bind to the polymer layer
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the process is reversible allowing the
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carbon dioxide to be released when
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needed removing carbon dioxide From
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Oceans scientists from all across the
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world have diligently searched for
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Effective methods of reducing
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atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
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meanwhile the ocean is the primary sink
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for atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbing
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30 to 40 percent of the gas caused by
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human activity method of removing carbon
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dioxide from seawater current
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Technologies for desalinizing salt water
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involve applying a voltage across a
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stack of membranes in order to acidify a
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feed stream via water splitting by doing
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so the bicarbonates in the water are
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transformed into CO2 molecules which may
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be extracted using a vacuum Hatton an
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MIT Professor points out that the
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membranes are costly and those chemicals
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are needed to drive the total electrode
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reactions at either end of the stack
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making the processes much more
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complicated and expensive the group
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developed a membrane-less
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electrochemical cell that can be
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reversed
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the seawater fed to the cells is
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irradiated with protons from reactive
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electrodes which causes the dissolved
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carbon dioxide to escape initially the
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water is acidified so that dissolved
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inorganic bicarbonates can be converted
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to molecular carbon dioxide which is
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then collected as a gas when the
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pressure is high
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the water is then sent through a second
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set of cells operating at a negative
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voltage in order to reclaim the protons
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and neutralize the acidity before it is
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returned to the ocean
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after one set of electrodes has been
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depleted of protons during acidification
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and the other set has been regenerated
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during alkalization the roles of the two
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cells are periodically reversed
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how carbon dioxide is further disposed
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of
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the process of removing carbon dioxide
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from water like any other carbon removal
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technique leaves behind waste that must
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be disposed of it can be chemically
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transformed into a substance like
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ethanol which can be used as a
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transportation fuel or into other
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Specialty Chemicals or it can be buried
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in deep geologic formations beneath the
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sea floor
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while Hatton acknowledges that some of
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the captured CO2 could be used as a
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feedstock in chemical or material
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manufacturing he cautions that it would
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be impossible to use all of it in this
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way putting this technique into practice
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ships that treat water in transit might
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use the method to reduce the substantial
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impact of shipping on global emissions
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because of this shipping companies could
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be able to offset some of their
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emissions and transform their vessels
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into ocean scrubbers which is a
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reference to the global requirements
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that already exist to minimize the
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emissions caused by shipping
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further potential locations for the
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installation of the system include
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offshore drilling rigs as well as
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aquaculture operations it's possible
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that this will eventually result in the
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construction of carbon removal plants
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that operate independently all over the
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planet
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why capturing carbon dioxide From Oceans
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is more efficient than air capture
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systems Patton thinks the method may be
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more effective than air capture systems
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since the carbon dioxide concentration
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in seawater is more than 100 times
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higher than an air however in order for
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the gas to be reclaimed from A system
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that makes use of direct air capture it
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first needs to be encapsulated and then
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concentrated nonetheless he contends
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that the capture stage has kind of
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already been done for you due to fact
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that the oceans contain enormous amounts
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of carbon sinks there is only a release
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step included in this process as opposed
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to a capture phase because of this there
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will be a greatly reduced amount of
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material that needs to be moved about
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which may result in an operation that is
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more streamlined and requires less space
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of this technology
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the technology has the potential to be
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used in a variety of applications
4:54
including power plants industrial
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processes and transportation it could
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also be used to capture carbon dioxide
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from the air in urban areas where
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emissions are concentrated this could
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have a significant impact on air quality
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as carbon dioxide is a major contributor
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to air pollution
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another significant benefit of this new
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technology is its potential to protect
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our oceans carbon dioxide emissions from
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human activities are causing ocean
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acidification which is harmful to marine
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life the new carbon capture technology
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can help reduce the amount of carbon
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dioxide in the atmosphere which in turn
5:30
will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
5:31
that dissolves into the ocean
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this could help to mitigate the effects
5:36
of ocean acidification and protect
5:38
marine ecosystems MIT scientists have
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achieved a significant breakthrough in
5:42
carbon capture technology that has the
5:45
potential to play a crucial role in
5:46
mitigating climate change and protecting
5:48
our planet the new technology is more
5:51
efficient and cost effective than
5:52
traditional carbon capture methods and
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it can capture carbon dioxide even in
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areas where emissions are low it could
5:59
also have a significant impact on
6:01
protecting our oceans and marine
6:02
ecosystems as we continue to face the
6:05
challenges of climate change Innovations
6:07
like this give us hope that we can make
6:09
a positive impact on our planet's future
6:11
thank you for watching and for more such
6:13
informative videos subscribe to the
6:15
channel
Unveiled2023.5.16---熱光伏電池+固態發動機
Chat YouTube:
討論了蒸汽輪機的局限性，並介紹了固態發動機的概念，這種發動機沒有活動部件，而且效率可能更高。
2022 年，麻省理工學院和國家可再生能源實驗室的研究人員在《自然》雜誌上發表了一項研究，描述了一種新型固態發動機的實驗。該發動機基於 Thermophotovoltaic 電池，據報導其能量傳輸率約為 40%，希望其性能在未來甚至可以遠遠超過。
Q:汽輪機的局限性是什麼？
Chat YouTube:
蒸汽輪機的局限性在於它們效率低下，平均只能將它們所承受的總熱能的大約 35%（最多 60%）轉化為電能，其餘的都損失掉了。 它們還有許多運動部件，這限制了蒸汽機可以承受的溫度，因為每個部件在變形前只能吸收這麼多的熱量。 對於以轉換熱能為目的的發動機來說，這種物理限制是一個主要問題。
Q:什麼是固態發動機，它與蒸汽輪機有何不同？
Chat YouTube:
固態發動機是一種沒有運動部件的發動機，這是一個潛在的巨大好處。 它與蒸汽輪機不同，因為蒸汽輪機有許多運動部件，這限制了蒸汽機可以處理的溫度，因為每個部件在變形前只能吸收這麼多的熱量。
固態發動機可能比蒸汽輪機更高效，並且不受運動部件物理約束的限制。
Q:什麼是熱光伏電池以及它如何用於新型固態發動機？
Chat YouTube:
熱光伏電池或 TPV 電池是一種電池技術，其工作方式與光伏電池類似，但可以在更高的溫度下工作。
TPV 電池以光子的形式吸收能量，並將該能量轉化為電能。
在新型固態發動機中，TPV電池用於將熱能轉化為電能。
這是通過將 TPV 電池連接到熱電池來實現的，熱電池可以無限期地儲存熱能。
然後 TPV 電池將儲存的熱能轉化為電能。
因為 TPV 電池可以在比蒸汽輪機更高的溫度下運行，所以它們可能更高效並提供更多的電力。
此外，TPV 發動機可以存儲和使用完全可再生能源，使其成為未來非常理想的技術。
Q:那些公司正生產固態發動機
Chat YouTube:
目前，有幾家公司和組織致力於開發固態發動機，
但還沒有具體公司宣布生產它們用於商業用途。
固態發動機的開發仍處於試驗階段，研究人員正在努力改進技術，使其達到可以大規模生產的程度。
參與固態發動機研發的一些著名組織包括麻省理工學院 (MIT)、國家可再生能源實驗室 (NREL)、華威大學和密歇根大學。
Q:那些公司正生產熱光伏電池
Chat YouTube:
目前生產熱光伏電池的公司.
包括 Alta Devices、TerraPower、JX Crystals、MicroLink Devices、QmagiQ、ThermoLift Inc.、Alpine Quantum Technologies、以及RedWave Energy。
這些公司都在進行不同層面的熱光伏電池研發和生產，並希望將這項技術應用於節能、再生能源等領域，以推動可持續發展。
Q:固態發動機可以裝置在那些設備
Chat YouTube:
固態發動機有可能用於各種應用，從小型電子設備到大型發電廠和車輛。
高效率和無移動部件使它們非常適合在可靠性和低維護性至關重要的情況下使用。
固態發動機的一些可能應用包括：
- 便攜式和可穿戴電子產品，例如智能手機和健身追踪器。
- 電動汽車和公共汽車，其中固態發動機可用於為車輛的電動機提供動力。
- 大型發電廠，固態發動機可用於從地熱或太陽能等熱源發電。
- 航天器和衛星，固態發動機可用於利用放射性同位素或太陽產生的熱量發電。
然而，值得注意的是，固態引擎仍處於試驗階段，可能還需要一段時間才能在這些應用中得到廣泛應用。
Q:熱光伏電池可以裝置在那些設備
Chat YouTube:
熱光伏電池的應用非常廣泛。
由於其可以轉換廢熱為電力，因此可用於各種需要能量供應的設備，
包括：
1. 小型電子設備，例如穿戴式裝置、手機和平板電腦等。
2. 家用電器，例如太陽能熱水器、熱泵和供暖系統等。
3. 工業設備，例如熱處理爐、焚化爐和煙囪等。
4. 車輛和飛機，例如汽車、公交車和航空器等。
熱光伏電池的應用還在不斷擴展，隨著技術的進步，其應用將更加廣泛。
Q:熱光伏電池跟儲能電池差別
Chat YouTube:
熱光伏 (TPV) 電池和儲能電池是用於不同目的的不同技術。
TPV電池是利用光伏電池將熱能（熱）轉化為電能（電）的裝置。
它們設計用於使用熱源運行，例如火焰、熱交換器或太陽能收集器。 TPV 電池背後的原理是利用熱物體發射的光子將光伏電池中的電子撞擊到更高的能量狀態，從而發電。
另一方面，
儲能電池是用來儲存電能以備後用的裝置。 它們儲存由太陽能電池板或風力渦輪機等電源產生的多餘能量，並在需要時釋放儲存的能量。 儲能電池有多種類型，如鉛酸電池、鋰離子電池、液流電池等。
綜上所述，
TPV電池是將熱能轉化為電能的裝置，
而儲能電池則是將電能儲存起來以備後用的裝置。
0:00
At its most fundamental, energy comes in various basic forms; including chemical,
0:05
electrical, thermal, nuclear, radiant, and others. For humans to actually use any of it,
0:09
though, we need to transform it into something that we specifically require - like, for example,
0:14
electricity. And this, in general, is where engines come in, as essential facilitators of
0:19
that magic. And here, we’ve relied on the steam turbine for a long time, before some upgrades
0:25
in the twentieth century… but now, an even better engine might finally be on the horizon.
0:29
0:30
This is Unveiled and today we’re answering the extraordinary question;
0:33
have scientists already invented the engine of the future?
0:38
Do you need the big questions answered? Are you constantly curious? Then why not subscribe
0:42
to Unveiled for more clips like this one? And ring the bell for more thought-provoking content!
0:48
Our world runs off of engines, but for the most part we still use the same ones we invented a
The Science of Engines
0:54
long time ago. Steam turbines were introduced by the engineer Charles Parsons in 1884 and,
1:01
really, they’re still the standard. Designs do differ, but they generally work via the
1:06
burning of fossil fuels, which evaporates water, which builds pressurized steam,
1:10
which builds up and up in an enclosed system until it pushes the blades of a turbine. In doing so,
1:17
heat is transformed into mechanical energy, which can then be used for electricity,
1:22
etc. But, despite their historic success, steam turbines aren’t without problems. On average,
1:27
they transform only about 35% - at most 60% - of the total heat energy they’re
1:34
subjected to into electricity. The rest is lost, making them very inefficient.
1:39
1:39
One of the base problems with steam turbines is that they themselves have many moving parts,
1:43
meaning a long list of stages and drop off points from the start to the finish of the process. The
1:50
many moving parts limit the temperatures that steam engines can handle, too, because each part
1:54
can only take so much heat before warping. And this is a major issue, considering an engine’s
1:59
entire purpose is to transform heat energy: steam turbines are inevitably, physically limited. As
Solid State Engines
2:06
such, contemporary research has instead grown around what are known as solid-state engines.
2:11
Solid-state engines have no moving parts, which is then a potentially huge benefit.
2:17
2:17
In 2022, researchers from MIT and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the US published
2:24
a study in the journal “Nature” detailing fresh experiments with a new type of solid-state engine.
2:29
From the very beginning, reports were that it averages at a 40% energy transfer rate,
2:34
which is already better than most steam turbines... although all hopes are that
2:39
its eventual performance will far, far exceed even that. The new engine runs
2:44
via a tweak on an emerging technology called a Thermophotovoltaic cell (or, TPV cell). A TPV
2:52
cell functions similarly to how solar panel cells, or photovoltaic cells, work. They take
2:58
photons (i.e., energy) from, say, the sun and turn those base particles into electricity.
3:03
3:04
What’s especially great about TPV cells, however, is that they can operate at temperatures much
3:09
higher than what’s possible with a steam turbine… meaning more heat and energy and
3:13
power passes through them from the outset. More than that, though, TPVs can be used to store
3:19
wholly renewable energy, as well. This is perhaps the most revolutionary part of them. According
3:25
to the study, and others since, by attaching TPV cells to a thermal battery, heat energy
3:31
can be held indefinitely… and later turned into electricity by the same TPV cell. This means that
3:38
even when the sun isn’t shining (or, perhaps, in another setup, the wind isn’t blowing) TPV
3:43
engines (backed up by thermal batteries) should continue to run and run, entirely unobstructed.
3:49
3:49
Thermal batteries aren’t a new technology, but their use in this way is still innovative. As is
Innovative Thermal Batteries
3:55
the setup of the TPV engine itself. In short, the team behind it placed a thin gold sheet underneath
4:01
the TPV cell, to act as a mirror. That mirror then reflects any passing (but missed) photons
4:07
back into the cell, to be reabsorbed again and again… which then increases the efficiency of
4:12
the wider engine, ensuring that less is lost. But it’s hoped that the design can be made to be even
4:18
more efficient, still. Previous research in 2020 revealed a specific material that can (under the
4:24
right conditions) reflect back up to 99% of photons that reach it - much more than the
4:30
standard gold sheet. And so, if that material can be merged with this TPV technology, then we could
4:36
be on the brink of another major uptick in the engine’s performance. It’s already impressive,
4:41
but it could soon be even more so. Add into the equation that this new kind of solid state setup
4:46
has generally lower maintenance cost projections, too, and it’s easy to see why it could have a big
4:52
impact on the energy sector. According to one of the lead researchers, Professor Asegun Henry, TPV
4:58
cells were “the last key step toward demonstrating that thermal batteries are a viable concept”.
5:05
Before, despite their promise, the practical applications for thermal batteries appeared
5:09
to be limited… but now, with TPV cells bridging the gap, the possibilities open out and out.
Future Possibilities
5:15
5:15
At the top end of the scale, there are early talks of redesigned whole
5:19
power plants. Not just smaller, individual facilities, but entire,
5:23
socially and economically crucial energy bases. At present, most major power plants are in
5:28
some way dependent on fossil fuels to provide their energy. But fossil fuels are, of course,
5:33
non-renewable and destructive to the environment. Incorporate TPV engines, however, and all plants
5:39
could soon be humming along on the reliability of stored renewable energy, instead. At least,
5:45
that’s one potential (and exciting) direction in which the team behind this new engine believes
5:49
we could soon be headed. Especially as it’s also hoped that the new technology shouldn’t
5:54
be overly difficult to manufacture on a large scale, either. As TPV cells are fundamentally
5:59
similar to solar cells - and as we already have a growing number of factories to make those - a lot
6:05
of the early legwork has already been completed. On the face of it, this wouldn’t require a total
6:10
reinvention or a radically new process… it would only need some slight tweaks here and there.
6:15
6:15
If TPV engines are successfully implemented into modern life, then, what happens next? What
6:21
kinds of differences could they realistically make? Again, Professor Henry is optimistic. In
6:27
an accompanying MIT article for the original study, he says that; “the technology is safe,
6:32
environmentally benign in its life cycle, and [it] can have a tremendous impact on
6:37
abating carbon dioxide emissions from electricity production”. For those on the outside looking in,
6:43
then, could this finally be the missing piece needed to properly move away from
6:47
limited and damaging fossil fuels? Could this finally be the technology to convince the rest
6:52
of the world that renewables aren’t only a better idea, but that they’re feasible
6:57
and capable of meeting our needs, as well? What might the future look like?
7:01
7:01
In a best case scenario, perhaps we’ll see thermal battery powered TPV engines that are
7:06
actually powerful enough to provide energy for whole streets, towns, or communities. Or personal
7:11
TPV vehicles that never need to be filled up, but instead are kept running based on wholly natural
7:17
means - like the sun’s light, but also the winds and perhaps the tides of Earth, too. At present,
7:23
and even with renewable energy, there’s often a major mid-point through which all energy passes
7:28
as a commodity, from provider to consumer… but, with TPV, perhaps that midpoint will itself be
7:34
bypassed, as well? If nothing else, then the prospect of an engine and battery that can
Cheaper Energy Bills
7:39
store and use energy indefinitely… means that, beyond the manufacture of the actual engine,
7:44
users should be much less reliant on bigger companies for their energy needs. Quickly, energy
7:50
bills could be a thing of the past, with an engine that’s at once relatively easy to make, simple
7:55
to scale up, reasonably low-cost to maintain, and limitless in terms of its energy potential.
8:00
8:00
That said, converting an entire planet’s entrenched energy structure is no mean feat.
8:05
Redirecting an entire civilization’s long-held energy habits is more easily said than done. And
8:11
perhaps there are yet technical reasons as to why we aren’t already all enjoying the benefits
8:16
of TPV engines? What’s your verdict? Is this technology the holy grail for our collective
Conclusions
8:21
energy needs? Are there other reasons as to why it hasn’t been more widely pursued before
8:26
now? Is the energy sector perhaps unwilling to change, or is there actually still just a
8:32
long way to go before TPV properly takes off? Let us know your thoughts in the comments.
8:38
8:38
For now, though, we are at something of a crossroads for the issue. Fossil fuels have
8:43
to be replaced; renewables need to be able to do the job. One thing that is clear is that TPV
8:49
cells plus thermal batteries could be another vital step towards a new,
8:53
improved and limitless tomorrow. A tomorrow that we’re getting closer and closer to
8:58
realizing. And that’s how scientists may have already invented the engine of the future.
9:03
What do you think? Is there anything we missed? Let us know in the comments, check out these other
9:08
clips from Unveiled, and make sure you subscribe and ring the bell for our latest content.
Eutrophic2023.5.15---地熱能革命
Chat YouTube:
地熱能是一種鮮為人知的可再生能源形式，有可能在發電方面取代化石燃料。它探討了地熱能是什麼、它是如何工作的、它的好處和挑戰、研究和開發以及未來的潛力。
地熱能是一種清潔能源，不會產生溫室氣體排放或空氣污染，與其他可再生能源相比，土地足跡更小，有助於降低能源成本並創造就業機會。然而，地熱能的主要挑戰之一是建設地熱發電廠的前期成本高。
Q:淺層和深層地熱能有什麼區別，它們主要用於什麼？
Chat YouTube:
淺層地熱能取自地殼最上層，深達 100 米，主要用於建築物的供暖和製冷。
另一方面，深層地熱能是從位於地球表面以下幾公里的水庫中獲取的，主要用於發電。
Q:地熱能發電的過程是如何進行的，地熱發電廠的三種主要類型是什麼？
Chat YouTube:
從地熱能發電的過程涉及利用地球內部的熱量產生蒸汽，然後驅動渦輪機發電。
地熱發電廠主要分為三種類型：
1. 乾蒸汽發電廠：最古老的地熱發電廠，利用地下的蒸汽驅動渦輪機發電。
2. 閃蒸蒸汽發電廠：最常見的地熱發電廠類型，它使用來自地下的熱水產生推動渦輪機運轉的蒸汽。
3. 雙循環發電廠：它們使用熱交換器將熱量從熱水傳遞到二次流體，二次流體蒸發並轉動渦輪機發電。
Q:目前有哪些國家/地區正在使用地熱能，使用地熱能有哪些好處和挑戰？
Chat YouTube:
全球超過 24 個國家使用地熱能，其中最大的生產國是美國、印度尼西亞、菲律賓和冰島。
其他使用地熱能的國家包括肯尼亞、新西蘭、意大利和日本。
使用地熱能的好處包括其作為清潔能源的地位，不會產生溫室氣體排放或空氣污染，與其他可再生能源相比佔地面積更小，以及有助於降低能源成本和創造就業機會的潛力。 此外，地熱能可以通過減少對進口燃料的依賴來提高能源安全。
然而，地熱能的使用也存在一些挑戰。
主要挑戰之一是建造地熱發電廠的前期成本高，因為鑽探和建造地熱發電廠可能要花費數百萬美元，這對一些國家和公司來說可能是一個重大的進入壁壘。
此外，地熱資源的可用性有限可能是一個挑戰，因為地熱能只能在有大量熱量和水的地區生產。
最後，與地熱能生產相關的地震活動有可能發生，因為在某些情況下向地殼鑽井和注水會引發地震，這是一些社區和監管機構關注的問題。
:01
[Music]
0:11
hello and welcome to our video on
0:14
geothermal energy
0:16
geothermal energy is a type of renewable
0:18
energy that has the potential to replace
0:20
fossil fuels and help mitigate climate
0:22
change
0:23
in this video we'll explore what
0:25
geothermal energy is how it works its
0:28
benefits and challenges research and
0:30
development and the potential for the
0:32
future
0:33
we'll also provide a case study of a
0:35
business that has successfully
0:37
integrated geothermal energy into their
0:39
operations
0:40
geothermal energy is a lesser-known form
0:42
of renewable energy that has been used
0:44
for thousands of years for heating and
0:46
cooking
0:47
but in recent years geothermal energy
0:49
has been gaining attention as a way to
0:51
generate electricity particularly in
0:53
countries with high geothermal potential
1:04
it's harnessed through Drilling and
1:06
pumping water or Steam from geothermal
1:08
reservoirs deep underground
1:10
geothermal energy is a renewable energy
1:13
source that can be used for heating
1:15
cooling and electricity generation
1:18
there are two main types of geothermal
1:20
energy shallow geothermal energy and
1:23
deep geothermal energy
1:25
shallow geothermal energy is obtained
1:27
from the uppermost layer of the Earth's
1:28
crust up to 100 meters deep
1:31
it is used primarily for heating and
1:33
cooling buildings
1:35
deep geothermal energy on the other hand
1:37
is obtained from reservoirs located
1:39
several kilometers beneath the earth's
1:41
surface
1:42
it is used for electricity generation
1:45
[Music]
1:49
process of generating electricity from
1:51
geothermal energy involves drilling deep
1:54
into the Earth's crust to reach hot
1:55
water or steam reservoirs
1:58
steam is then used to spin turbines
2:00
which generate electricity there are
2:03
three main types of geothermal power
2:05
plants dry steam flash steam and binary
2:09
cycle
2:10
each type of plant Works differently but
2:13
all involve using steam to generate
2:15
electricity
2:16
dry steam power plants are the oldest
2:18
type of geothermal power plant
2:21
they use Steam from Underground to turn
2:23
turbines which generate electricity
2:26
flash steam power plants the most common
2:28
type of geothermal power plant use hot
2:31
water from Underground to produce steam
2:33
which turns turbines
2:35
binary cycle power plants use a heat
2:37
exchanger to transfer heat from hot
2:39
water to a secondary fluid which
2:41
vaporizes and turns a turbine to produce
2:43
electricity
2:45
in the next section we'll explore the
2:47
benefits of geothermal energy and how it
2:49
can help address the challenges of
2:51
climate change
2:52
[Music]
2:55
geothermal energy has numerous benefits
2:58
including environmental economic and
3:00
social benefits
3:02
from an environmental standpoint
3:04
geothermal energy is a clean source of
3:07
energy that does not produce greenhouse
3:09
gas emissions or air pollution
3:11
this makes it an ideal alternative to
3:13
fossil fuels which are the leading cause
3:16
of climate change in air pollution
3:18
geothermal energy also has a smaller
3:21
land footprint than other renewable
3:23
energy sources such as wind or solar
3:25
power making it more feasible for urban
3:27
areas
3:29
in terms of economics geothermal energy
3:31
can help reduce energy costs and create
3:34
jobs
3:35
while there are upfront costs associated
3:37
with Drilling and building geothermal
3:39
power plants the cost of producing
3:41
geothermal energy is relatively low and
3:43
stable once the plant is built
3:46
this means that consumers can benefit
3:48
from lower energy bills over time
3:51
Additionally the geothermal industry can
3:53
create jobs in drilling engineering
3:55
construction and maintenance
3:58
finally geothermal energy can have
4:00
social benefits as well
4:02
in areas where geothermal resources are
4:05
abundant local communities can benefit
4:07
from reduced energy costs and increased
4:10
Economic Development
4:12
additionally geothermal energy can
4:14
improve energy security by reducing
4:16
Reliance on imported fuels
4:22
geothermal energy is used in more than
4:24
24 countries around the world with the
4:27
United States Indonesia and the
4:29
Philippines being the top producers of
4:30
geothermal energy
4:32
Iceland is also a major user of
4:34
geothermal energy with almost 90 percent
4:37
of its homes being heated by geothermal
4:39
energy
4:40
the United States has been producing Geo
4:44
of the 1960s and today it is the largest
4:47
producer of geothermal energy in the
4:49
world
4:50
the most geothermal energy is produced
4:53
in California followed by Nevada and
4:55
Utah
4:56
the Philippines is the second largest
4:58
producer of geothermal energy with most
5:01
of its geothermal power plants located
5:03
on the island of Luzon
5:05
Indonesia is another major producer of
5:07
geothermal energy with significant
5:09
resources located in the country's
5:11
volcanic areas
5:13
other countries that use geothermal
5:15
energy include Kenya New Zealand Italy
5:17
and Japan
5:22
while geothermal energy has many
5:24
benefits there are also several
5:26
challenges associated with its use
5:29
one of the main challenges is the high
5:31
upfront cost of building geothermal
5:33
power plants
5:35
Drilling and building a geothermal power
5:37
plant can cost millions of dollars which
5:40
can be a significant barrier to entry
5:42
for some countries and companies
5:44
another challenge is the limited
5:46
availability of geothermal resources
5:49
geothermal energy can only be produced
5:51
in areas where there is significant heat
5:53
and water which limits its availability
5:55
to certain regions
5:57
this can be a challenge for countries
5:58
that do not have the geothermal
6:00
resources necessary to produce energy
6:03
finally there is a potential for seismic
6:06
activity associated with geothermal
6:08
energy production
6:09
Drilling and injecting water into the
6:12
Earth's crust can cause earthquakes in
6:14
some cases
6:15
while the seismic activity associated
6:18
with geothermal energy is typically
6:20
small and infrequent it is still a
6:22
concern for some communities and
6:24
regulators
6:27
[Music]
6:28
researchers are currently working on
6:30
enhancing geothermal systems to make
6:32
them more efficient and cost effective
6:35
enhanced geothermal systems involve
6:37
injecting water into Hot Rocks to create
6:39
steam which can then be used to generate
6:41
electricity
6:43
additionally research is being conducted
6:45
on geothermal energy storage which would
6:47
allow excess energy to be stored for
6:49
later use
6:50
another area of research is geothermal
6:53
energy for direct use whether hot water
6:55
or steam is used for heating or cooling
6:57
directly without being converted to
6:59
electricity
7:03
let's look at another case study of a
7:05
community that has successfully
7:07
integrated geothermal energy into their
7:09
operations
7:10
the town of Klamath Falls Oregon has
7:13
been using geothermal energy since the
7:15
early 1900s
7:16
the town's geothermal system provides
7:19
heating and cooling for over 100
7:20
buildings including schools and
7:23
hospitals
7:24
the system has saved the town millions
7:26
of dollars in energy costs and has
7:28
helped reduce its carbon footprint
7:30
[Music]
7:32
the future of geothermal energy looks
7:35
promising as it has the potential to
7:37
provide a significant source of clean
7:39
energy
7:40
according to the international renewable
7:42
energy agency geothermal energy could
7:45
provide up to 3.5 percent of global
7:48
electricity by 2050. as technology
7:51
improves and costs decrease geothermal
7:54
energy is expected to become more
7:56
prevalent and new geothermal power
7:58
plants are being built around the world
8:04
in conclusion geothermal energy is an
8:08
exciting and promising renewable energy
8:09
source that has the potential to provide
8:11
a significant amount of clean energy
8:14
while there are challenges to utilizing
8:16
geothermal energy such as high upfront
8:18
costs and limited availability in
8:20
certain areas advances in technology and
8:23
research are making it a more viable
8:24
option for many communities and
8:26
businesses as we continue to seek ways
8:29
to mitigate climate change and reduce
8:31
our Reliance on fossil fuels geothermal
8:34
energy will likely play an increasingly
8:36
important role in the global Energy Mix
8:38
thank you for watching our video and we
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hope you learned something new about
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geothermal energy
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Science Stories2023.5.13---可再生能源的未來挑戰
Chat YouTube:
探討了不同類型的可再生能源及其為世界提供動力的潛力，包括太陽能、風能、水電、地熱能、生物質能和潮汐能。
可再生能源的現狀表明，
到 2020 年，它佔世界電力生產的 29%，高於 2010 年的 16%，其中太陽能和風能是增長最快的能源。可再生能源行業的增長和發展潛力巨大，如果制定正確的政策和投資，
Q:哪種可再生能源有潛力成為未來世界能源結構的重要貢獻者？
Chat YouTube:
可再生能源，它們有可能成為未來世界能源結構的重要貢獻者，包括太陽能、風能、水電、地熱能、生物質能和潮汐能。
然而，地熱發電廠和生物質能源具有增長潛力，並隨著技術的進步成為更可行的選擇。
潮汐能也被認為是一種相對較新的技術，有可能在未來成為世界能源結構的重要組成部分。
Q:是什麼推動了可再生能源領域的增長？
Chat YouTube:
可再生能源行業的增長受到多種因素的推動，
包括可再生能源技術成本的下降、對清潔能源的需求增加以及技術進步。
具體而言，太陽能和風能的成本在過去十年中顯著下降，使家庭和企業更加負擔得起和使用。
此外，人們越來越意識到化石燃料對環境的負面影響，這促使政府、企業和消費者尋找替代能源。
最後，技術進步使可再生能源更加高效和更具成本效益。
到 2050 年該行業預計將產生全球高達 60% 的電力。
然而，需要解決可再生能源的間歇性等挑戰。
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the world is rapidly moving towards
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renewable energy sources in an effort to
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reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
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fight climate change with the
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ever-increasing demand for energy and
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dwindling resources of fossil fuels the
0:13
future of renewable energy looks
0:15
promising in this script we will explore
0:18
the different types of renewable energy
0:20
sources and their potential to power the
0:22
world firstly let's look at solar energy
0:25
the sun is an unlimited source of energy
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and it is estimated that the sun's
0:30
energy can meet the world's energy
0:31
demands ten thousand times over
0:34
solar panels are becoming increasingly
0:36
affordable and efficient making them a
0:38
popular choice for homeowners and
0:40
businesses as technology continues to
0:43
improve solar panels will become even
0:45
more efficient making them an even more
0:47
viable option for powering the world
0:49
next wind energy is another promising
0:52
renewable energy source wind turbines
0:55
can generate electricity from the wind
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and as the technology improves they are
1:00
becoming more efficient and affordable
1:02
wind farms are popping up all over the
1:04
world and they have the potential to
1:06
power entire cities in the future we can
1:09
expect to see more wind turbines
1:11
installed both on land and offshore
1:14
hydroelectric power is another renewable
1:16
energy source that has been around for a
1:18
long time
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hydroelectric dams generate electricity
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from the power of moving water while
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hydroelectric power is already widely
1:27
used there is still potential for growth
1:29
in the future new technologies are being
1:32
developed to increase the efficiency of
1:34
hydroelectric power and to reduce the
1:36
environmental impact of dams geothermal
1:39
energy is another renewable energy
1:41
source that uses the heat from the
1:43
Earth's core to generate electricity
1:45
while geothermal energy is not as widely
1:48
used as solar or wind energy it has the
1:50
potential to be a significant
1:51
contributor to the world's Energy Mix in
1:54
the future as technology improves
1:56
geothermal power plants will become more
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efficient and cost effective biomass
2:01
energy is generated from organic
2:03
materials such as wood chips
2:05
agricultural waste and even garbage
2:08
biomass energy can be used to generate
2:11
electricity and it is a promising
2:13
renewable energy source as we continue
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to find new ways to convert organic
2:18
waste into energy biomass energy will
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become an even more viable option
2:23
finally we have tidal energy which is
2:25
generated from the movement of the tides
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tidal energy is still a relatively new
2:30
technology but it has the potential to
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become an important part of the world's
2:34
Energy Mix in the future as the
2:36
technology improves tidal power plants
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will become more efficient and cost
2:41
effective current state of renewable
2:43
energy
2:44
first let's take a look at the current
2:46
state of renewable energy according to
2:49
the International Energy agency
2:51
renewable energy sources accounted for
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29 of the world's electricity production
2:56
in 2020 that's up from 16 in 2010 which
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shows how quickly the renewable energy
3:02
sector has grown in the past decade
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solar energy is one of the fastest
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growing renewable energy sources with an
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average annual growth rate of 30 over
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the past decade wind power is also
3:15
seeing significant growth with the
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global installed capacity increasing by
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53 in the past five years however
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hydroelectric power Still Remains the
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largest source of renewable energy
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accounting for 62 of the world's
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renewable energy production in 2020. the
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potential for growth and development
3:35
so what's the potential for growth and
3:37
development in the renewable energy
3:39
sector
3:40
according to the international renewable
3:43
energy agency the renewable energy
3:45
sector could generate up to 60 percent
3:47
of the world's electricity by 2050 if
3:50
the right policies and Investments are
3:52
made one of the key drivers of growth in
3:54
the renewable energy sector is the
3:56
falling costs of renewable energy
3:58
Technologies the cost of solar panels
4:01
has decreased by 90 over the past decade
4:04
making it more affordable and accessible
4:06
to households and businesses
4:08
similarly wind turbines have become more
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efficient and cost effective with the
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cost of wind energy Falling by 50
4:15
percent over the past decade another
4:17
Factor driving growth is the increasing
4:19
demand for clean energy sources
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governments businesses and consumers are
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becoming more aware of the negative
4:26
impacts of fossil fuels on the
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environment and are looking for
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alternative sources of energy the
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covid-19 pandemic has also highlighted
4:34
the need for more resilient and
4:36
sustainable energy systems that can
4:38
withstand shocks and disruptions
4:40
challenges and opportunities however
4:43
there are also some challenges that need
4:45
to be addressed in the renewable energy
4:47
sector one of the biggest challenges is
4:50
the intermittency of renewable energy
4:52
sources solar and wind power are
4:54
dependent on weather conditions and may
4:56
not be available when demand is high
4:58
this can be addressed through the
5:00
development of energy storage systems
5:02
such as batteries and pumped Hydra
5:05
storage which can store excess energy
5:07
for use when demand is high another
5:09
challenge is the need for infrastructure
5:11
development renewable energy projects
5:14
require significant investments in
5:16
transmission lines storage facilities
5:18
and other infrastructure
5:21
this can be a challenge in some regions
5:23
particularly in developing countries
5:25
where there may be limited resources and
5:27
political instability
5:28
finally there is a need for policy and
5:31
Regulatory Frameworks that support the
5:33
growth of renewable energy governments
5:36
need to provide incentives for
5:37
businesses and consumers to adopt
5:39
renewable energy sources and create a
5:41
Level Playing Field for Renewable Energy
5:43
Technologies conclusion in conclusion
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the future of renewable energy looks
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bright with significant potential for
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growth and development
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falling costs increasing demand and
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technological advances are all driving
5:58
the growth of renewable energy sources
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however there are also some challenges
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that need to be addressed such as
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intermittency and infrastructure
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development with the right policies and
6:09
Investments we can create a sustainable
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and resilient Energy System that
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benefits both the environment and
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Society while there are still challenges
6:17
to overcome such as the intermittent
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nature of some renewable energy sources
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the benefits of renewable energy far
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outweigh the challenges with the world's
6:26
population and energy demand continuing
6:29
to grow we must continue to invest in
6:31
renewable energy sources to ensure a
6:33
sustainable future for generations to
6:35
come thanks for watching please like And
6:39
subscribe
Be Eco 2023.5.13---V形框架波浪能轉換器
Chat YouTube:
討論了一種波浪能轉換器，它有一個 V 形框架，帶有浮子和轉子，可以根據波浪條件打開和關閉。
即使在惡劣的天氣條件下，該設備也能夠發電。
Q:波浪能轉換器的V型架是如何工作發電的？
Chat YouTube:
波浪能轉換器的 V 形框架支撐著發電的浮子和轉子線。
當波浪經過時，浮子隨著波浪運動上下移動，從而導致轉子旋轉。
反過來，旋轉的轉子通過使用發電機發電。
只要有波浪，就會重複此過程，從而實現連續發電。
Q:波浪能轉換器可以承受哪些類型的惡劣天氣條件？
Chat YouTube:
波能轉換器的設計能夠承受一系列惡劣的天氣條件。
帶有浮子和轉子的 V 形框架可以自行關閉以在條件變得過於惡劣時保護設備。 通過這種方式，該設備可以承受暴風雨、大風和大浪等極端天氣條件。
Q:在效率和可用性方面，波浪能與其他可再生能源相比如何？
Chat YouTube:
波浪能被認為是一種有前途的可再生能源，因為它豐富且可預測。 與太陽能和風能不同，波浪的產生是一致的，並且具有很高的可預測性。
此外，波浪比風能或太陽能的能量密度更高，這意味著它們可以用更小的設備產生更多的能量。
然而，由於相對較高的部署成本和潛在的環境影響等因素，開發和實施波浪能技術仍然具有挑戰性。
因此，重要的是繼續探索和投資各種可再生能源，以最大限度地發揮其潛在效益。
The Best Whatever2023.5.12---十大能源生產技術
Chat YouTube:
討論了五種潛在的可再生能源。
潮汐能、核廢料、太陽能窗、天基太陽能和氫氣罐都是提供可持續能源的可能性。
還提到了地熱能和人力。
潮汐能仍處於起步階段，但韓國擁有最大的設施，美國、俄羅斯、加拿大、法國、英國和中國都有潛在的地點。
核廢料分為低、中、高放射性，高放射性廢物佔總廢物的比例很小，但佔放射性的大部分。廢核燃料可以回收以生產新燃料。
太陽能電池板可以是透明的並且可以模仿玻璃，從而可以收集不可見的光譜。
天基太陽能的生產是在軌道上收集太陽能，以克服地面可再生能源不穩定的特性。水電解產生的氫氣可以以不同的方式用作燃料，包括用於為車輛提供動力的燃料電池。
地熱能可以從加熱的岩石和地下含水層中產生。
最後，人力可以通過體熱和肌肉力量提供能量。
天基太陽能提供能源的潛力有多大？
Chat YouTube:
天基太陽能有可能提供清潔的基本負荷能源，這種能源可以連續使用，並且比傳統的可再生能源佔用更少的土地。 它旨在收集軌道上的太陽能並將其發射到地球，這可以克服陸地可再生能源不穩定的特性。
。
Q:核廢料如何產生放射性廢物
Chat YouTube:
核廢料是核反應的副產品，例如發生在核電站中的反應。 這種廢物具有放射性，這意味著它會發出電離輻射，這可能對人類健康和環境有害。 不同類型的核廢料根據其放射性水平分為：低、中和高放射性廢物。 高放廢物佔產生的廢物總量的一小部分，卻產生了大部分放射性。 當不能再用於發電的廢核燃料從核反應堆中移除時，就會產生這種情況。 這種乏燃料含有鈾和其他放射性元素，它們會持續衰變並發出輻射數千年。 高放核廢料的處置是一個具有挑戰性和爭議性的問題，因為它需要安全可靠地儲存極長時間，以避免對人或環境造成傷害。
Q:太陽能窗如何運作
Chat YouTube:
太陽能窗是特殊種類的太陽玻璃，能夠讓可見光進入房間，同時轉換不可見光譜（如紫外線和紅外線）為可持續的電能。
它們運作的原理和普通太陽板相似，利用太陽能發電。當太陽光照在太陽能窗上時，光被吸收並轉換為電能。
這些窗戶可以被用於建築物的任何部分，
例如牆壁、屋頂或天花板。
這些窗戶可以直接鏈接到電網，並向建築物供應電能，同時減少建築物的能源消耗，實現節能的效果。
值得一提的是，2014年，密歇根州立大學的科學家創造出第一個完全透明的太陽能窗，因此未來太陽能窗的應用前景非常廣闊。
Q:那些地區正使用太陽能窗
Chat YouTube:
尚未有大面積使用太陽能窗的區域，因為太陽能窗技術仍在發展中。
不過，全球許多建築都已經開始安裝太陽能薄膜，這些薄膜在房屋的玻璃上工作，可以為建築物提供多種好處。
其中，太陽能薄膜最廣泛的應用是防護太陽和節約能源。
一些城市的市政府或其他政府機構已經採用了太陽能薄膜，以減少能源消耗和碳排放。
Q:太陽能窗跟太陽能薄膜.有哪些差別
Chat YouTube:
太陽能窗和太陽能薄膜的主要差異在於技術和應用方式。
太陽能窗是利用專利技術將太陽能電池嵌入玻璃中，這種電池可以捕捉太陽能並將其轉化為能量。太陽能窗的外觀與普通玻璃窗非常相似，而且可以提供清晰的視野，同時還可以減少室內的能源消耗。這些窗戶通常使用在商業建築物或高檔住宅中。太陽能窗的價格通常比普通玻璃窗貴一些。
太陽能薄膜則是一種非常薄的材料，通常是透明或半透明的塑料薄膜。這種膜可以在玻璃窗上使用，以最大限度地利用自然光線，同時還可以降低室內溫度。
太陽能薄膜比太陽能窗更容易安裝和更便宜，因為這些膜可以貼在現有的窗戶上。這種薄膜適合用於商業建築，辦公室，學校和家庭等多種應用場景中。
Q:太陽能窗跟太陽能薄膜.各有哪些優缺點
Chat YouTube:
太陽能窗和太陽能薄膜各有自己的優點和缺點。
太陽能窗的優點包括：
- 外觀美觀，與普通玻璃窗相似。
- 可以提供良好的視野，並減少室內溫度。
- 由於嵌入式太陽能電池，因此可以生成更多的電力。br>
- 適合高端商業建築和奢華住宅等高端建築。
太陽能窗的缺點包括：
- 造價較貴，因為要嵌入太陽能電池。
- 由於其較厚的玻璃，所以重量也較大。
- 安裝較為困難，需要專業技術。
太陽能薄膜的優點包括：
- 成本較低，相比太陽能窗更加具有經濟實用性。
- 易於安裝，可以貼在現有的窗戶上。
- 可以降低室內溫度，也可以提供保護隱私的功能。
- 適合用於商業建築，辦公室，學校和家庭等多種應用場景。
太陽能薄膜的缺點包括：
- 其薄膜的效率較低，因此無法生成更多的電能。
- 相對而言其耐用性較差，因為薄膜容易被刮傷和磨損，需要經常更換。
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number 10 tidal power tidal energy is a
0:04
renewable source of power generated by
0:07
the tidal movements and ocean currents
0:09
that occur naturally these Technologies
0:11
include paddles and turbines among
0:14
others the rush of ocean waters during
0:16
the tide changes is what generates tidal
0:19
energy production of tidal energy is
0:21
still in its infancy thus yet not much
0:24
power has been generated there aren't
0:27
many commercial scale tidal power
0:29
facilities in operation worldwide the
0:32
first was Francis Lawrence the siwa lake
0:35
title power plant in South Korea is the
0:38
largest facility there are a few places
0:40
in the United States where tidal energy
0:43
could be produced at a competitive price
0:45
and no tidal plants Russia Canada France
0:49
England and China have the most
0:51
potential for using this kind of energy
0:54
nevertheless it is still a good
0:56
candidate for a renewable source of
0:59
energy
1:00
number nine nuclear waste the
1:02
utilization of nuclear energy generates
1:05
waste products like all other Industries
1:08
and energy generating Technologies
1:10
radioactivity levels are used to
1:13
categorize nuclear waste into three
1:15
categories low intermediate and high
1:18
level vary lightly contaminated objects
1:21
such tools and workloads make up the
1:24
vast majority of the waste ninety
1:27
percent of the entire volume which only
1:29
has one percent of the overall
1:31
radioactivity high level waste which is
1:34
primarily made up of used nuclear fuel
1:37
also known as spent fuel that has been
1:39
classified as waste from nuclear
1:42
reactions makes up just three percent of
1:44
the overall volume of garbage but
1:46
includes 95 percent of the radioactivity
1:49
it is possible to recycle used nuclear
1:53
fuel to produce fresh Fuel and
1:55
byproducts even after five years of
1:57
operation in a reactor the fuel still
2:00
contains more than 90 percent of its
2:02
potential energy the United States
2:04
currently does not recycle spent nuclear
2:07
fuel while other nations like France do
2:10
number eight solar Windows solar panels
2:14
that are transparent mimic clear glass
2:16
and let light in like ordinary Windows
2:19
yet they are made of a special kind of
2:21
solar glass that converts invisible to
2:24
the human eye light like ultraviolet and
2:27
infrared into sustainable electricity in
2:30
2014 scientists at Michigan State
2:33
University created the first solar panel
2:36
that is completely transparent while
2:39
functioning like solar panels and
2:40
producing electricity from the Sun solar
2:43
Windows have the appearance of
2:45
conventional glass windows the MSU team
2:48
predicts that solar windows and
2:50
Associated transparent Solar
2:52
Technologies will be able to meet about
2:54
40 percent of the country's energy needs
2:57
this might increase to nearly 100
3:00
percent when combined with rooftop solar
3:02
panels number seven
3:04
space-based solar power the idea behind
3:08
space-based solar power is to collect
3:11
solar energy in orbit and beam it to
3:13
Earth overcoming the erratic nature of
3:15
terrestrial renewable energy it provides
3:18
clean base load energy that is available
3:21
continuously and uses a lot less land
3:24
than traditional Renewables as a
3:26
component of a variety of Energy
3:28
Technologies it might Supply a sizable
3:31
portion of the UK's future energy
3:33
requirements many countries have
3:35
advanced solar power satellite Concepts
3:37
and an independent assessment conducted
3:40
by the UK government has proven the
3:42
concept's engineering viability number
3:44
six hydrogen tank another type of
3:47
chemical energy storage involves the
3:49
conversion of electrical power into
3:52
hydrogen the gas can then be used as
3:55
fuel in a combustion engine or a fuel
3:58
cell to release this energy g once more
4:00
the electrolysis of water is a
4:03
straightforward procedure that may be
4:05
carried out with relatively high
4:07
efficiency provided affordable power is
4:09
available to make hydrogen from energy
4:12
hydrogen may be utilized to heat our
4:15
homes and places of business in addition
4:17
to powering vehicles and producing
4:20
electricity to reach Net Zero it will be
4:22
crucial to reduce our carbon emissions
4:25
significantly number five geothermal
4:28
heat from lava the heat generated at the
4:31
earth's core is known as geothermal
4:34
energy geothermal energy can be used to
4:37
generate heat and electricity it is a
4:40
clean renewable resource it is a
4:42
resource that may be gathered for human
4:44
use and is renewable nearby rocks and
4:47
subsurface aquifers are heated by magma
4:50
geysers Hot Springs steam vents undersea
4:54
hydrothermal vents are among ways that
4:56
hot water can be released all of these
4:59
can be a geothermal energy source the
5:02
steam can be used to produce power or
5:04
their heat can be caught and used
5:06
directly for heating geothermal energy
5:09
can be utilized to warm up surfaces like
5:12
sidewalks parking lots and buildings
5:14
number four human power a universal
5:18
source of power is human power humans
5:21
provide body heat particularly during
5:23
activity muscle strength which can be
5:26
transformed into mechanical energy or
5:28
electricity and human waste which can be
5:31
converted to biogas and fertilizer on a
5:34
sunny day a person can produce at least
5:36
as much energy as a 1m2 solar panel
5:40
human power is always available
5:42
regardless of the Season or time of day
5:45
unlike solar and wind energy energy
5:47
storage is not really needed human power
5:50
can be a clean energy source in contrast
5:54
to fossil fuels human power in contrast
5:57
to all other power sources grows as the
6:00
human population does if we produce our
6:03
own energy we will first determine how
6:06
much energy we truly require
6:08
number three flying wind farms high
6:12
altitude winds are predicted to be able
6:15
to supply 100 times more energy than is
6:18
currently required to power the entire
6:20
planet the only issue is knowing just
6:23
how to access that renewable resource
6:26
Engineers are coming up with some pretty
6:28
inventive ways to use high altitude wind
6:31
power from kite mounted to floating wind
6:34
turbines because of the higher wind
6:36
speeds that can be captured at higher
6:39
altitudes harnessing wind energy is
6:41
appealing the jet streams which are
6:43
located 4 to 10 miles above the surface
6:46
are home to the strongest winds in the
6:49
globe at this altitude the wind
6:51
frequently blows at 100 miles per hour
6:54
number two biofuels one of the best
6:57
energy sources out there is biofuels
7:00
liquid fuels and blending ingredients
7:03
made from biomass resources known as
7:05
feedstocks are referred to as biofuels
7:08
the majority of biofuels are used as
7:11
motor fuels they can also be utilized to
7:14
generate heat and power government
7:16
programs that encourage or mandate the
7:19
use of biofuels May accept the use of
7:22
gaseous fuels made from biomass that are
7:25
utilized directly as a gas or
7:27
transformed into liquid fuels the
7:30
government policies and programs that
7:32
encourage and or mandate the use of
7:34
biofuels are mostly to blame for the
7:37
rise these policies and programs aim to
7:40
decrease the use of fossil fuel-based
7:43
Transportation fuels number one nuclear
7:47
fusion and at the top of our list is
7:50
nuclear fusion what makes it so great in
7:53
nuclear fusion Light Elements like
7:55
hydrogen are fused together to create
7:57
heavier Elements which results in a
8:00
massive release of energy the process
8:02
which creates the heat and light of the
8:04
Sun and other stars has been praised for
8:07
its enormous potential as a clean
8:09
renewable energy source the process
8:11
which creates the heat and light of the
8:14
Sun and other stars has been praised for
8:17
its enormous potential as a clean
8:19
renewable energy source nuclear fusion
8:22
is anticipated to be a far more
8:24
advantageous energy source than fission
8:27
they include adequate fuel supply
8:29
improved safety and lower operational
8:32
radioactivity and high-level nuclear
8:34
waste however it has shown to be
8:37
challenging to achieve the required mix
8:39
of temperature pressure and duration in
8:42
an efficient and practical way and
8:45
that's it for the video which of these
8:47
do you think will dominate the energy
8:49
industry in the future let us know what
8:51
you think in the comments below if you
8:53
enjoyed this video make sure you give it
8:55
a big Thumbs Up And subscribe to the
8:57
channel for more content thanks for
8:59
watching and I'll see you in the next
9:01
one
Green Energy with Majid2023.5.10---無葉片風力渦輪機
Chat YouTube:
無葉片風力渦輪機——它使用壓電技術發電。
與傳統風力渦輪機相比，這些渦輪機更便宜且更易於組裝。它們對野生動物也更安全，並減少噪音污染。然而，該技術仍處於試驗階段，在廣泛應用之前需要解決一些技術挑戰。
Q:與傳統風力渦輪機相比，無葉片風力渦輪機有哪些優點和缺點？
Chat YouTube:
與傳統風力渦輪機相比，無葉片風力渦輪機的一些優勢包括噪音水平更低、維護成本更低以及野生動物的環境更安全。
無葉片風力渦輪機的視覺干擾也較小，可以使用簡單的材料製造，並且可以使用基本工具輕鬆組裝。
然而，一些缺點是無葉片風力渦輪機目前的效率低於傳統風力渦輪機，並且可能不適用於所有風力條件。 無葉片風力渦輪機技術仍處於試驗階段，在廣泛應用之前需要解決一些技術挑戰。
Q:壓電技術如何在無葉片風力渦輪機中發揮作用？
Chat YouTube:
無葉片風力渦輪機中的壓電技術通過將風渦流在氣缸上引起的機械振動轉化為電荷來工作。 無葉片風力渦輪機的設計就像一個圓柱體，當風流過它時，它會捕捉到空氣的漩渦或漩渦。 這些渦流導致氣缸機械振動。 在圓柱體的底部是一個壓電發電機。 發電機中使用石英或某些陶瓷等壓電材料，因為它們具有獨特的特性，當受到機械應力或振動時，它們會產生電荷。 對於無葉片風力渦輪機，風渦在氣缸上引起的振動會產生觸發壓電效應所需的機械應力。 渦輪機中的發電機捕獲該電荷並將其轉換為可用電能。 然後，這些電能可以儲存在電池中或饋入電網以供立即使用。
Q:在無葉片風力渦輪機得到廣泛應用之前，需要解決哪些技術挑戰？
Chat YouTube:
根據視頻文字記錄，無葉片風力渦輪機技術仍處於試驗階段。 因此，在廣泛採用無葉片風力渦輪機之前，需要解決許多技術挑戰。 其中一些挑戰包括提高壓電發電機的效率，設計圓柱形狀以優化能量捕獲，以及解決發電機上的風湍流的任何潛在問題。 此外，必須測試和監控這些渦輪機的長期耐用性和性能，以確保它們能夠在長時間內高效可靠地運行。 最後，需要分析生產成本，以確保能夠以可承受的價格和一致的方式製造它，使其成為廣泛部署的商業上可行的選擇。
Q:無葉片風力渦輪機.有無設置地點限制.
Chat YouTube:
無葉片風力渦輪機需要放在適當的風能區域以發揮其較佳的效能。
這些區域應該要擁有足夠的風量和風速，以便風力能夠足夠刺激無葉片風力渦輪機的扇葉產生震動，驅動發電機發電。
因此，在選擇無葉片風力渦輪機放置的地點時，需要考慮風能的特性和風場建設的需求，並依據評估報告進行設置。
綜合而言，適當的地點對於無葉片風力渦輪機產生最佳的效益是非常重要的。
Q:無葉片風力渦輪機.跟波浪發電.有何差別
Chat YouTube:
無葉片風力渦輪機和波浪發電是兩種不同的可再生能源技術。
無葉片風力渦輪機是一種由扇葉之外的機制來產生風力發電的設備。它的動力是透過風能，利用無扇葉的設計，經由一個著重於利用聲波/氣壓波等設計概念所製作出的機械裝置產生電力。
而波浪發電是一種利用海洋波浪來發電的技術，也就是透過波浪的起伏產生機械運動，利用發電機把這部分動能轉換為電能。這種可再生能源技術可以在近海的設施中透過護岸、堤防等人為措施來增加波浪壓力，提高發電效能。
因此，無葉片風力渦輪機和波浪發電的差異在於其發電原理和所用的能源來源不同。
:05
foreign
0:08
[Music]
0:30
welcome back to my Channel today I have
0:34
something truly exciting to share with
0:36
you we're going to dive into the war of
0:39
renewable energy and explore the
0:41
fascinating concept of bladeless wind
0:43
turbines so let's get started dear
0:47
viewers I am trial to share with you my
0:50
latest invention a bladeless wind
0:52
turbine that is not only extremely
0:55
affordable but also uses paiso electric
0:58
technology to generate electricity
1:00
through additional wind turbines have
1:03
been a reliable source of renewable
1:06
energy for many years but they can be
1:09
expensive to manufacture and maintain my
1:12
bladeless Wing turbine and the other
1:14
hand is made using simple materials and
1:18
can be easily assembled with basic tools
1:22
P sharp generator I have Incorporated
1:26
piezoelectric technology into these
1:28
Design After turbine Pfizer electric
1:31
materials generate electricity when they
1:34
are subjected to the mechanical
1:36
asteroids such as vibration so as the
1:40
wind flows through the turbine it causes
1:43
the piezoelectric material to vibrate
1:45
which generates electricity this
1:48
technology not only makes the turbine
1:50
more effortable but also reduce the
1:53
maintenance required since there are
1:55
fewer moving Parts compared to
1:57
traditional wind turbines plus because
1:59
the turbine is bladeless it is also
2:02
safer for wildlife and reduced noise
2:04
pollution bladeless Wing toolbars have a
2:08
number of advantage over traditional
2:10
green turbines including lower noise
2:13
level reduce maintenance costs and a
2:16
similar visual footprint
2:18
they are also less
2:20
harmful to bird and uttered Wildlife
2:23
since they don't have large rotating
2:27
blades however let us win two Vines are
2:31
currently less efficient than
2:32
traditional wind turbines and they may
2:36
not be suitable for all wind conditions
2:39
Additionally the technology is still in
2:42
an experimental stage and there are a
2:46
number of technical challenge that need
2:49
to be addressed before bladeless wind
2:51
turbines can be widely adapted now let's
2:55
take a closer look at how the generator
2:58
in a bladeless wind turbine works as the
3:00
wind follows past the cylinder in the
3:03
toolbar it creates vortices or soils of
3:07
air
3:07
these vortices goes the cylinder to
3:10
vibrate this mechanical vibration is
3:13
then converted into electricity
3:16
throughout the piezoelectric generator
3:18
connected to the base of the cylinder
3:20
piezoelectric materials such as quarters
3:24
or certain ceramic have a unique
3:26
property when they are subjected to the
3:29
mechanical stress or vibration they
3:31
generate an electric charge
3:34
and a case of bladeless Wing toolbines
3:36
the vibration caused by the wind
3:39
vortices on the cylinders create a
3:42
mechanical estrus needed to trigger the
3:44
piezoelectric effects the generator in
3:47
the turbine captures this electrical
3:49
charge and converts heat into usable
3:52
electricity this electricity can then be
3:56
stored in berries or feeding into the
3:58
power grade for immediate use I'm
4:01
excited to share my invention with you
4:03
and hope that is Inspire more people to
4:07
explore Renewable Energy Solution by
4:10
harnessing the power of the wind we can
4:14
reduce or Reliance and fossil fuel and
4:18
help create a more sustainable future
4:20
thank you so much for watching and I
4:22
hope you found this video informative
4:25
and insightful
4:28
if you enjoyed please consider
4:30
subscribing to my channel for more
4:32
content on renewable energy and
4:35
innovating Technologies your support
4:38
means a lot to me I would love to hear
4:41
your opinion question and any experience
4:44
you
4:45
may have have we played last week in
4:48
turbines together let's embrace the
4:51
potential of renewable energy and work
4:53
toward a Greener and cleaner future
4:57
[Music]
Undecided with Matt Ferrell2023.5.9---鹽水電池
Chat YouTube:
該視頻展示了氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池或 RFP 在可再生能源存儲方面的優勢。
由於鋰和釩等材料的局限性，食鹽由於其豐富的元素鈉和鐵而成為基本上無限的替代品。
鹽水電池已經存在，至少有兩種其他鐵通量變體正在開發中，它們比競爭對手更耐用且便宜得多。
與鋰離子電池相比，液流電池便宜得多，並且具有可以降低或消除火災風險的化學物質。
Q:在可再生能源存儲方面，液流電池與鋰離子電池有何區別？
Chat YouTube:
液流電池比用於可再生能源存儲的鋰離子電池便宜得多。
此外，某些液流電池化學物質可以降低甚至消除火災風險。
鋰離子電池重量輕且結構緊湊，而液流電池往往體積較大且不便於攜帶。 液流電池本身也具有可擴展性，這意味著它們可以根據需要輕鬆放大或縮小。
Q:液流電池如何降低或消除火災風險？
Chat YouTube:
與鋰離子電池相比，某些液流電池化學物質，例如使用鹽水電解質的化學物質，可以降低甚至消除火災風險。 這是因為液流電池電解液一般不易燃，液流電池中發生的電化學反應不會產生過多的熱量。 此外，液流電池旨在降低短路和過熱的風險。
Q:如果氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池被廣泛用於可再生能源存儲，它會是什麼樣子
Chat YouTube:
如果氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池被廣泛用於可再生能源存儲，它可能會帶來很多好處。 首先，它將通過將多餘的能量存儲在電池中以備日後無陽光或無風時使用來解決可再生能源間歇性問題。
此外，它還可以通過允許可再生能源滿足我們更大一部分的能源需求，減少對化石燃料發電的依賴。
此外，由於液流電池比鋰離子電池便宜得多，並且使用豐富的無毒材料（例如氯化鈉），這可能有助於使可再生能源對消費者來說更實惠。
最終，這可能導致全球更多地採用可再生能源並減少溫室氣體排放，這對於應對氣候變化非常重要。
Q:液流電池有哪幾種
Chat YouTube:
液流電池是一種能夠儲存大量電能的電池技術。
目前，主要有以下幾種類型的液流電池：
1. 釩液流電池（Vanadium Redox Flow Battery，VRB）：使用釩離子在電解液中傳遞電荷來儲存電能。
2. 鐵鉻液流電池（Iron Chromium Redox Flow Battery）：使用鐵離子和鉻離子在電解液中相互轉化來儲存電能。
3. 鋰離液流電池（Lithium Ion Flow Battery）：使用類似於鋰離子電池的化學反應，但是電荷在電解液中流動。
4. 鋅氧液流電池（Zinc Air Flow Battery）：使用氧氣和鋅在電解液中形成的化學反應來儲存電能。
5. 鈉離液流電池（Sodium Ion Flow Battery）：使用鈉離子在電解液中流動來儲存電能。
以上是目前液流電池常用的幾種類型，每種電池都有其優缺點和適用場景。
Q:鹽水電池如何運作
Chat YouTube:
鹽水電池，也稱為液流電池，是利用兩個電化學池之間的質子交換轉化化學能為電能的一種電池。
其基本運作原理如下：
1. 鹽水電池中有兩個電解槽，一個正極和一個負極。這些電極由兩個液體介質分開，由於這些介質是不混合的，它們形成了一個界面壓力使得它們保持在互相分離的狀態。
2. 當電解質在電解槽之間流動時，它們發生化學反應。在電解液中，一種化學物質會被氧化成為正離子，同時另一種則會被還原為負離子。
3. 這兩種化學物質在電池內部的兩個不同電解槽中被分配。此時，電子從氧化的自由離子中流向還原的自由離子，從而產生電流。
4. 當需要釋放電池內的能量時，鹽水電池中的化學離子會在兩個電解槽之間交換，從而釋放能量。
5. 當需要再次儲存能量時，電池就需要反復進行充電，將自由離子還原成為化學物質。
總之，
鹽水電池利用離子在電解液中的轉移來存儲、釋放和轉換化學能為電能。與其他電池不同，它們能夠在通常情況下使用相對較便宜的材料製造，也更為環保和安全。
this video is brought to you by incognate there's no shortage of potential solutions to
the world's critical need for renewable energy storage but there is a shortage of accessible
and cheap resources to use for those Solutions with the limitations of materials like lithium
and Vanadium in mind it's logical to look for Alternatives that are basically Limitless how
about regular run-of-the-mill salt just a little sodium chloride actually dude it's solved that's
what I said sodium chloride redox flow batteries or rfps can exploit the abundance of elements
like sodium and iron one US company already has salt water batteries ready to go with at least
two others developing iron flow variations built effectively to run on Rust they promise to last
longer and be far cheaper than the competition so what happens if we go with the flow I'm Matt
Farrell welcome to undecided [Music] before we get into why regular old salt maybe a winning
ingredient to our energy storage needs it's important to understand what it's up against
two major problems hold back renewable energy intermittency and curtailment you could sum
it up as being an issue of feast or famine we can't rely on the forces of sunshine and
wind 24 7 and at the same time without proper infrastructure we lose out on a lot of power
when Supply overtakes demand to complete the renewable energy transition and cheapen energy
for everybody we need long-term storage for Excess power and that's where grid storage systems come
into play Lithium-ion batteries are a popular powerful option but they can be unstable both
in the cost of materials and on a chemical level it's just not feasible to rely on lithium-ion
as the primary storage option by comparison flow batteries are a lot cheaper and some chemistries
can lower or even eliminate the risk of fire ultimately each approach serves its own purpose
generally speaking Lithium-ion batteries are light and compact flow batteries tend to be broken
that said they're inherently scalable in ways that lithium-ion isn't now we've covered flow
batteries before both Vanadium and bromine but if RFB sounds more like a music genre than a battery
to you here's a quick rundown of how they work a redox flow battery or RFB takes the form of two
tanks a catholite and an analyte now these tanks surround a chamber that split down the middle and
the liquid electrolytes flow from the tanks into either side the process of reduction oxidation
also known as redox since the electrons from the catholite to the analyte when the battery
is being charged and the reverse happens when the battery is being discharged when it comes to the
design a major Edge that rfps offer is the direct control over their energy and storage capacities
as long as you have enough electrolyte you can theoretically increase the storage as much as you
want by increasing the size of the tanks and if you increase the number of electrode cell
Stacks or the middle bit between the tanks that means more power there's an overwhelming number
of variations in RFB electrolyte but Vanadium is currently the gold or maybe the rainbow standard
it has the capacity to exist in multiple oxidation states which allows Vanadium rfbs to function with
fewer electroactive components as a result of how the redox reaction works out vrfbs last longer
relative to other chemistries for more detailed look at the science behind this you can check out
our previous video on it here's where Vanadium like just pretty much everything else runs into
trouble and that's costs the element is notorious for its price volatility it's one of the most used
materials in the industrial sector like alloying steel so vanadium's Beauty and flexibility does
not come cheap according to a 2016 study the chemicals needed for vrfbs can represent nearly
60 percent of the overall cost of the system newer research shows that the prices have only gone up a
2021 study by the University of California Irvine found that electrolyte using Vanadium pentoxide
accounted for a whopping 80 percent of a vrfb's total cost now here's where things get salty
us-based company infinity turbine has proposed its cell Gen X flow battery is an answer to this
problem it functions the same way as any other RFB does except one of its tanks contains chlorine
gas dissolved into a proprietary electrolyte and the other is full of nothing but good old
sodium chloride and water in the company's words it's just add water but with salt now the source
could be the ocean geothermal brine power plant cooling ponds you get the idea now before I get
into what makes this salt battery so special I'd like to think incogni for sponsoring this portion
of today's video I've mentioned this before but I signed up for a newsletter from a small online
retailer and after I did I saw a major increase in the number of promotional emails that I was
receiving from companies that I've never heard of and that's because they sold my information to a
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request that data Brokers delete our information but it takes a lot of time and effort I signed up
for incognity gave them the legal right to work on my behalf and then just sat back and relaxed
you'll see updates on your account for which data Brokers they've sent legal requests to and which
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cognity thanks to incognate and to all of you for supporting the channel now back to a very salty
battery now as you might expect taking advantage of the ubiquity of salt water means saving a lot
of money a 2022 US Department of energy study estimates that depending on the acid and grade
of the Vanadium used vrfb electrolytes can cost between 105 and 180 per kilowatt hour meanwhile
salgenex claims that the cost of its batteries electrolytes is less than five dollars per
kilowatt hour as for how the celgenex battery Stacks up to existing products on the market
infinity turbine claims that it's less expensive to acquire and faster to deploy than the Tesla
mega pack but notes that the mega pack involves less moving parts but the saltonx battery does
have a simplified configuration relative to other flow batteries and unlike most types of rfps the
salginx battery has no membrane separating the electrode instead they take advantage of the
natural immiscibility of the electrolytes fluids to keep the components separated think oil and
water on its website infinity turbine argues that the cell gen X's lack of a membrane saves huge
upfront purchase costs maintenance and consumable expenses the idea does hold water that's because
the batteries typically rely on ION permeable membranes to limit what's known as crossover
it's a crossover which can tank the battery's capacity and these membranes also play a big role
in the voltage and Energy Efficiency of the RFB striking this delicate balance is pricey to put
these costs into perspective a 2014 study found that the ion exchange membranes were undoubtedly
an expensive component of the flow batteries with their calculated price coming out to several times
more than the battery's plates and electrodes they estimated the future cost the membranes would drop
significantly but the cost range was still much higher relative to the rest of the battery's parts
economics aren't the only thing that South Nexus battery has going for it according to
their website they list saltwater flow batteries round-trip efficiency at 91 which is impressive
and on par with many lithium-ion battery chemistries the company also advertises an
energy density of 125.7 Watt hours per liter but it is important to note that's markedly less than
the average energy density of a lithium-based battery regardless of what kind figures from
the U.S national renewable energy laboratory or nrel between Lithium ion phosphate lithium nickel
Cobalt aluminum and lithium nickel manganese Cobalt you're looking at energy densities from
at least 210 Watt hours per liter to as high as 600 watt hours per liter however infinity
turbine has unique applications in store in March the company revealed its ongoing development of a
desalination system that uses the celgenex battery with this Tech the same movement of ions between
the electrodes that generates power would also produce fresh water at the same time now this
has big implications for places like cruise ship liners cargo ships and military bases and just
this month the company announced that the salginx redox process can also be adapted to produce
graphene for example the fiberglass and carbon fiber fabrication industry could essentially
use esselgenex battery as both a source of power and a graphene making machine infinity turbine
claims the savings would be serious cutting the cost of graphene from an average of 100
to 400 a gram to 1.25 cents a gram but take that with a grain of salt because that still has to
be proven out another American company is also experimenting with saltwater FBS and if you've
seen our previous video on floating solar it's doing so in a very familiar place in February ESS
and iron salt battery manufacturer announced its collaboration with the Turlock Irrigation District
a california-based utility as part of project Nexus the district's initiative is to install
solar panels over the state's irrigation canals ess's batteries will provide long duration energy
storage the plan is to finish Construction in 2024 ESS will also be installing iron
flow battery facilities in Sacramento California as part of a collaboration with the Sacramento
Municipal Utility District starting this year so what makes ess's energy Warehouse batteries so
special well like cell genex's battery it operates with a saltwater electrolyte but it's using iron
salts in the water instead which is particularly advantageous because iron is at least two orders
of magnitude more Bountiful than Vanadium we're talking about a crustal abundance of about 52
000 parts per million compared to 138. on top of that Vanadium is more difficult to substitute
and remember we really like it for our steel production now in contrast the ferrous chloride
that's present in the energy Warehouse electrolyte can actually be produced from steel making waste
the chemical cocktail and iron flow batteries has the potential to make use of the dregs that's left
behind what steel makers call pickle liquor which sounds like something you'd be drinking
while playing pickleball now so ironically what makes Vanadium expensive and difficult
to obtain is exactly why iron can be so easy to use in rfps where Vanadium electrolyte represent
as much as 80 percent of a flow battery's costs iron electrolyte makes up only about four percent
now iron flow batteries are also non-toxic which is obviously very helpful in light of the high
toxicity of vanadium oxides now ESS claims that its energy Warehouse reduces or eliminates the
need for hazardous permits for transport HVAC fire suppression and end-of-life Disposal planning this
is consistent with the conveniences of other flow batteries that use water-based electrolytes like
zinc bromine and just like other rfps iron salts and salt water batteries allow for higher degree
of safety in comparison with lithium ion you don't worry about thermal runaway when a battery
just isn't flammable in the first place as for longevity both the energy warehouse and celgenex
boast a life expectancy of about 25 years the energy Warehouse also knocks other batteries out
of the park in terms of cycle life and broadly speaking the number of cycles of lithium-ion
battery can last is usually limited to just over one thousand to two thousand Cycles zinc bromine
batteries can last up to about 5000 cycles and ESS holds that energy Warehouse can last for over 20
000 Cycles that's truly the battery that just keeps on going the duration is another leg up
that ESS claims over lithium-ion which translates into lower costs the company estimates that past
the four hour storage duration Mark its iron flow batteries remain cheaper than lithium-ion all the
way up to their maximum of 12 hours when you take all of this into account you can see why a
lot of people are excited about the potential for salt and iron in rfps readily available materials
that are cheap and safe which could help answer the growing demand for energy storage and not to
get salty here but when someone says to me just go fill in your favorite tech here like just go
nuclear just go solar just go whatever it is it drives me a little nuts there's not one energy
storage or generation option to rule them all here we need a wide array of options to satisfy
all the different use cases that we have and this salty one may be a great one to add to
the mix even if it's just for flavor so what do you think jump in the comments and let me know
and be sure to check out my follow-up podcast still to be determined we'll be discussing some
of your feedback and thanks to all my patrons who get ad-free versions of every video and a welcome
to New supporter plus member dryfrog and thanks to all of you for watching see in the next one
Sustainable Energy2023.5.8---印度巴德勒太陽能公園
Chat YouTube:
位於印度拉賈斯坦邦的巴德勒太陽能公園是世界上最大的太陽能發電廠之一，佔地面積超過14000英畝，裝機容量為2245兆瓦。
該工廠是印度可再生能源領域的重要參與者，通過生產抵消對化石燃料需求的清潔可再生能源，幫助減少該國的碳足跡。
Q:Badler Solar Park 的裝機容量是多少？
Chat YouTube:
14000英畝Badler Solar Park的裝機容量為2245兆瓦。
Q:14000英畝約佔香港多大
Chat YouTube:
14000英畝大約等於56.6平方公里，或者22平方英里。
相比之下，香港的總面積為1,106平方公里，
因此Badler Solar Park的面積只相當於香港總面積的約5％。
Q:2245兆瓦可供多少家庭的一年用電量
Chat YouTube:
2245兆瓦（或2,245,000千瓦）的發電能力.
每年可以滿足大約170萬到200萬個家庭的電力需求。
這個估算取決於許多因素（例如，平均用電量、每個家庭的家庭成員數量、地理位置等等），所以這只是一個大概的估算。
Q:Badler Solar Park工廠如何幫助印度減少碳足跡？
Chat YouTube:
Badler Solar Park 通過生產清潔的可再生能源來抵消該國對化石燃料的依賴，幫助印度減少碳足跡。 與化石燃料相比，利用太陽能發電可減少溫室氣體的排放，從而幫助印度減少碳足跡。
Badler Solar Park 在印度可再生能源領域的意義何在？
Chat YouTube:
巴德勒太陽能公園在印度的可再生能源領域具有重要意義，因為它是世界上最大的太陽能發電廠之一，裝機容量為 2245 兆瓦。
作為印度可再生能源領域的重要參與者，Badler Solar Park 通過生產清潔的可再生能源來抵消對化石燃料的需求，從而幫助減少該國的碳足跡。
它還幫助印度實現其可再生能源目標，並使其成為全球太陽能利用的領導者。
Q:印度如何建造Badler Solar Park
Chat YouTube:
Badler Solar Park的建設是印度政府和私營部門合作的結果。
該項目是由Adani Green Energy、NTPC、SECI和Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd.等公司建造的。
建設中使用了大量的太陽能電池板和逆變器等設備。
此外，政府給予了一定的補貼，以推動可再生能源的發展。
總體來說，Badler Solar Park的建設是由政府、私營部門和市場力量的共同作用完成的。
Q:逆變器作何用途
Chat YouTube:
逆變器是太陽能發電系統中的關鍵設備，用於將太陽能電池板產生的直流電轉換為交流電。
由於大多數家庭和工業設施使用的電力是交流電，因此逆變器使太陽能電池板所產生的直流電能夠被使用到實際的電力網絡中。
此外，逆變器還有監測和控制電力輸出功率的功能，確保發電系統的安全和穩定。
因此，在太陽能發電系統中，逆變器具有非常重要的作用。
Q:還有哪些地區在公園設太陽能電池板
Chat YouTube:
全球許多地區都在公園和其他場所安裝太陽能電池板，以減少對傳統能源的依賴，降低碳排放並提高能源自給自足的能力。
以下是一些在全球範圍內正在推廣太陽能公園和其他場所的地區：
1. 美國：夏威夷、加利福尼亞、新澤西州和科羅拉多州等地
2. 歐洲：德國、意大利、英國、挪威和克羅地亞等地
3. 亞洲：中國、印度、日本、澳大利亞和新西蘭等地
4. 中東：阿聯酋、沙特阿拉伯和以色列等地
5. 非洲：南非、馬里和烏干達等地。
Q:在公園設太陽能電池板.有哪些優缺點
Chat YouTube:
在公園中設置太陽能電池板的優點和缺點如下：
優點：
1. 清潔、可再生能源：使用太陽能電池板可以減少對傳統能源的依賴，減少二氧化碳排放，對環境更加友好。
2. 利用空曠地區：很多公園有大面積開闊的場地可以用於設置太陽能電池板，節省了其他用地的需求。
3. 低維護成本：太陽能電池板沒有機械部件，維護成本很低，而且壽命。
缺點：
1. 成本較高：太陽能電池板的準備和鋪設是一項昂貴的成本，往往需要數年的時間才能回收成本。
2. 受天氣變化影響：太陽能電池板需要陽光照射才能生成電力，天氣不好或陰天時，電力產量會降低。
3. 地點選擇的限制：太陽能電池板需要放置在沒有陰影的地方，所以需要選擇地點時需要考慮建築、樹木等阻擋物的位置。
0:00
badler solar Park located in the jodhpur
0:03
district of Rajasthan India is one of
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the world's largest solar power plants
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it covers an area of over 14
0:11
000 acres and has an installed capacity
0:13
of
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2245 megawatts making it a crucial
0:18
player in India's renewable energy
0:20
sector the battle solar Park plays a
0:23
vital role in reducing India's carbon
0:26
footprint by producing clean renewable
0:29
energy that offsets the country's
0:31
Reliance on fossil fuels by generating
0:33
clean electricity from the
CorPower 波浪能轉換器
Chat YouTube:
Core Powers 波浪能轉換器利用存儲在海浪中的能量來發電。
該技術基於40年的流體動力學研究，採用輕型和低成本設計，可以最大限度地提高發電能力並在惡劣的海洋條件下運行。
波浪能用於產生旋轉運動，然後通過浮標內的發電機將其轉化為電能。
浮標可以調整和失諧以改變其對傳入波浪的響應，使其在風暴條件下對波浪透明，並在正常海況下放大波浪能量。
浮標直徑9米，高19米，額定功率為300千瓦。
這些浮標集群可用於創建能夠為數十萬家庭提供能源的大型波浪能農場。
Q:Core Powers波浪能轉換器中使用的新型相位控制技術如何工作？
Chat YouTube:
Core Powers 的波浪能轉換器中的新型相位控制技術允許對浮標進行調諧和失諧，從而改變系統對暴風雨和正常海況條件的響應。
在暴風雨條件下，失諧階段使入射波變得透明，而在正常海況下，浮標被調整併設置為與入射波的最佳時間，放大運動並使其高效捕獲波能。 這項技術使波浪能轉換器具有很強的競爭力，提供了一種重量輕、成本低的設計，可以最大限度地提高發電能力，即使在最惡劣的海洋條件下也能提供穩健的運行。
Q:Core Powers波浪能轉換器如何固定在海床上
Chat YouTube:
波浪能轉換器使用張緊繫泊系統固定在海床上，該繫泊系統包括潮汐調節器並構成大型互連陣列的一部分。
該系統確保波能轉換器即使在惡劣的海洋條件下也能保持穩定和安全。
Q:Core Powers的大型波浪能農場的潛在功率輸出是多少？
Chat YouTube:
Core Powers 的波浪能轉換器的大規模波浪能農場的潛在功率輸出的具體數字。
然而，這些浮標集群可用於創建能夠為數十萬家庭提供能源的大型波浪能農場。 它還提到每個單元都有 300 千瓦的額定功率，因此可以通過將這個數字乘以波浪能農場中的單元數量來估算潛在的功率輸出。
Q:Core Powers波浪能轉換器跟其他波浪能發電系統.有何差別
Chat YouTube:
Core Powers波浪能轉換器與其他波浪能發電系統的主要差異.
在於其獨特的設計和技術。
它使用40年的流體動力學研究知識，研發出一種輕量化和低成本的設計，以最大程度地提高發電能力並能在惡劣海洋環境下穩定運行。
此外，
Core Powers波浪能轉換器還具有獨特的「相控技術」，可調整轉換器的響應，使其能夠在風暴情況下對海浪產生透明效果，而在普通海況下增強海浪能量的收集效率。這種技術讓Core Powers波浪能轉換器能夠在與其他波浪能係統相比更有效地捕捉和轉換能量。
此外，
Core Powers波浪能轉換器本身的尺寸也相對較小，每個單元只有9米直徑和19米高度，但卻能產生高達300千瓦的功率輸出。
這樣的低成本、高效能的設計，使得Core Powers波浪能轉換器在建立大規模波浪能發電場時更加經濟實惠。
Q:那些地區正使用Core Powers波浪能轉換器
Chat YouTube:
目前沒有關於哪些地區正在使用Core Powers波浪能轉換器的具體消息。
然而，Core Powers官方網站上提到，
他們正在與全球各地的夥伴和客戶合作，開發和部署這些波浪能轉換器。
他們的目標是在未來幾年內建立一個可擴展的波浪能網絡，以向全球提供乾淨、可持續、可靠的能源。
Q:Core Powers波浪能轉換器.也適用於風能嗎
Chat YouTube:
Core Powers波浪能轉換器主要用於捕捉並轉換海洋波浪能為電力，因此並不適用於風能。
該技術的特殊設計是基於海洋波浪的運動原理，利用海浪的力量來產生旋轉運動，並將其轉換為電力。
雖然風能和波能都是可以用來發電的可再生能源，但是不同類型的可再生能源需要不同的技術和設備來捕捉和轉換它們所帶來的能源。
因此，Core Powers波浪能轉換器並不適用於風能，而是適用於海洋波浪能的捕捉和轉換。
Intro
0:04
core powers wave energy converters
0:06
harness clean energy from the world's
0:08
largest untapped energy source
0:10
our oceans
0:13
energy stored in ocean waves is absorbed
0:15
at the surface by a heaving boy
0:18
inspired by the pumping principle of the
0:20
human heart the wave energy technology
0:23
is informed by 40 years of hydrodynamic
0:26
research
0:27
allowing for a lightweight and low-cost
0:29
design that maximizes generation
0:32
capacity and provides robust operation
0:35
in the harshest ocean conditions
Phase Control
0:38
the wave energy is used to create
0:40
rotational motion
0:42
which is converted into electricity by
0:44
generators inside the boy
0:49
the novel phase control technology
0:51
allows the boy to be tuned and detuned
0:54
altering the system's response to the
0:56
conditions
Detune
0:58
in storm conditions the detune stage
1:01
creates transparency to incoming waves
1:03
similar to the survival function for
1:05
wind turbines which pitch their blades
1:08
to protect from over spinning
1:11
in regular sea states the boy is tuned
1:13
and set in optimal timing with the
1:15
incoming waves amplifying the motion
1:18
a one meter wave for instance is
1:20
amplified to three meters
1:22
making it highly efficient in capturing
1:24
wave energy
Size
1:26
the combination of storm protection and
1:28
amplified power generation has enabled
1:31
this highly competitive wave energy
1:33
converter
1:34
measuring 9 meters in diameter standing
1:37
19 meters tall core power's wave energy
1:40
converters come with a 300 kilowatts
1:42
power rating
1:45
each unit is anchored to the seabed
1:47
using a tensioned mooring system
1:49
including a tidal regulator
1:52
forming part of large interconnected
1:54
arrays clusters of wave energy
1:56
converters can be used to create
1:58
large-scale wave energy farms providing
2:01
hundreds of megawatts of energy
2:03
enough to power hundreds of thousands of
2:06
homes
水下渦輪機
Chat YouTube:
隨著技術的進步和對可再生能源的需求變得越來越迫切，
潮汐能可能成為一個更可行的選擇。
Q:美洲大陸架沿線海洋能源的潛在能源輸出估計是多少？
Chat YouTube:
據估計，美洲大陸架沿線海洋能源的潛在能源輸出可能會提供目前美國能源供應總量的大約一半，西海岸估計為 250 TWh/yr，東海岸為 160 TWh/yr，60 TWh/yr 墨西哥灣，阿拉斯加 620 TWh/年，夏威夷 80 TWh/年，波多黎各 20 TWh/年。
Q:除了潮汐能之外，還有哪些方法可以從海洋中獲取能量？
Chat YouTube:
除了潮汐能，還有其他方法可以從海洋中獲取能量。
其中包括風推動海洋表面時產生的波浪能，以及主要由風和太陽熱驅動的洋流。 一些系統甚至利用河流和海洋之間的鹽度差異來發電。
Q:與利用潮汐能相關的挑戰有哪些？為什麼世界上的大型潮汐能發電廠如此之少？
Chat YouTube:
利用潮汐能存在一些挑戰。
首先，建立潮汐能發電廠需要大量的初始投資。
其次，環境對海洋生態系統的影響可能很大，特別是在阻礙海洋生物遷徙模式方面。 這會改變該地區的食物鍊和物種分佈。
第三，潮汐植物的能量輸出受潮汐模式變化的影響，潮汐模式會受到一系列因素的影響，例如天氣模式的影響、月相以及復雜洋流之間的相互作用。
第四，開發商在設計、建造、安裝和維護各種類型的潮汐能係統和發電所需設備方面面臨著重大的技術和工程挑戰。
由於這些挑戰，
世界上的大型潮汐能發電廠相對較少。
安裝成本高和對環境的重大影響是阻礙潮汐能技術廣泛採用的主要因素。
儘管如此，隨著技術的進步和對可再生能源的需求變得越來越迫切，潮汐能可能成為一些沿海社區更可行的選擇。
Q:那些地區正使用潮汐能
Chat YouTube:
目前正使用潮汐能的地區.
包括法國的Rance River潮汐能發電廠和韓國的Sihwa Lake潮汐發電廠。此外，
英國、加拿大、澳大利亞和中國等國也正在開發潮汐能發電技術，計畫在未來數年內建立許多潮汐能發電廠。
另外，例如北愛爾蘭的Strangford Lough也有一個可容納小型潮汐渦輪發電機的實驗區域。
Q:潮汐能跟波浪能.有何差別
Chat YouTube:
潮汐能和波浪能都是海洋能源，
但是它們的產生原理和收集方式有很大的差別。
潮汐能是利用潮汐運動的水流產生的動能發電，可以預測性地收集潮汐帶來的水流運動能量，它的能量來源於海洋和月球引力的相互作用。
另一方面，
波浪能是利用波浪的運動能量發電，因為波浪的變化具有隨機性和不可預測性，所以它的收集比潮汐能更具挑戰性，需要先進的技術和設備來收集波浪的能量。
潮汐能可以在固定的海域內準確收集能量，並且在周期性的潮汐變化中有較為穩定的產能表現，在可預測的周期內提供穩定的能源。
波浪能則需要更高的技術難度以及更複雜的控制系統來克服波浪的不可預測性，以保證波浪能的穩定性和可控性，
因此，相對來說，潮汐能更容易被實現和推廣。
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This episode of Real Engineering is brought to you by Brilliant. A problem solving website
0:04
that teaches you to think like an Engineer.
0:07
Next time you’re near the ocean, listen closely to the waves. That sound you hear?
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That’s wasted energy.
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The energy from waves, tides and currents, known collectively as ocean energy, is a massive
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resource just waiting to be tapped.
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The total energy available along the American continental shelf could potentially provide
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roughly half of the current total US energy supply. [1] With an estimated 250 TWh/yr for
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the West Coast, 160 TWH/yr for the East Coast, 60 TWh/y for the Gulf of Mexico, 620 TWh/y
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for Alaska, 80 TWh/yr for Hawaii, and 20 TWh/yr for Puerto Rico. [1]
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Harassing all of that energy, while transporting it to population centres and finding suitable
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locations along the coast that will not affect coastline ecosystems and property values would
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be a difficult if not an impossible task, but if we could find a suitable way to harass
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the power of the tides and waves off our coasts, it could provide the final push needed to
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convert out grid to a 100% renewable system [2]
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There are many methods to gain energy from the sea. Wave power is created as the wind
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pushes the surface of the ocean. Ocean currents provide power driven predominantly by wind
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and heat from the sun. Some systems have even utilized the differences in salinity between
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rivers and seas to produce electricity.
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However, today we are going to investigate one of the most promising technologies in
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this sector, Tidal Energy. It has huge potential in the renewable energy market thanks to its
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predictable and consistent availability. Tides change four times a day, every day.
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This is a result of the Earth rotating through bulges of ocean water formed by the gravitational
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influence of the Sun and Moon. We experience greater tides, called Spring Tides, when the
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Sun is aligned with the Moon allowing their gravitational influence to combine. [3] This
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corresponds to the New and Full Moon phases of the Moon. And we experience smaller tides,
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and smaller differences in high and low tide, during Neap Tides. This occurs when the Moon
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is at a quarter phase, offset to the Sun by 90 degrees. Meaning our tides are not only
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smaller in total, but the changes in tide are minimised.
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While their intensity does vary, these tidal changes come 4 times a day and result in a
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flow of water that will look something like this for a Spring Tide and this for a Neap
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Tide. [4] With the Spring Tide not only resulting in a higher tide, but a faster flow of water,
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which means more energy is available for extraction.
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These patterns can be projected well into the future thanks to the predictable movement
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of the Sun, Moon and Earth. Which definitely cannot be said for the unpredictable weather
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here on earth which affects Wind and Solar energy.
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Despite this steady and reliable flow of water, ocean power provides the smallest percentage
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of renewable energy. With only two large scale tidal energy plants, a 240 MW system [5] located
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in the estuary of the Rance River in Northern France, and a 254 MW system in Sihwa Lake
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in South Korea [6]. Both are tidal barrage systems, which work similarly to dams by opening
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and closing sluice gates to control the flow of water through their turbines. This is a
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proven technology, proving they can generate electricity and operate in seawater without
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corrosion being a massive issue thanks to cathodic protection. [7]
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So why are there so few of these systems in the world. The problem is two-fold. First,
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the cost of installation is incredibly high requiring a very large structure to control
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the flow of water. It simply makes more sense to use other forms of renewables like wind
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and solar. And second, a large barrier like this has a significant effect on the local
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ecosystem.
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One company, Simec Atlantis, is looking to improve on both of these points with their
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underwater turbines which look remarkably like normal wind turbines, but thanks to water's
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higher density can be much smaller.
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Their first prototype system was placed here in the mouth of Strangford lough in Ireland.
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This area benefits from some of the fastest flowing water in Ireland, as tides force their
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way in and out of the bottleneck of Strangford Lough. Millions of tonnes of water flow through
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the channel every day. [8]
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The system consisted of two 16 metre diameter turbines with a nameplate capacity of 0.6
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MWs each. [8] For reference an equivalent wind turbine would have a diameter around
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40 metres. These turbines reached full capacity in November 2008 and were decommissioned in
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May 2016. [9] If that 1.2 MWs ran continuously at full capacity for all that time it would
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result in about 77-79 GWhs of power, however it only produced 11.6 GWhs. [10] Enough to
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power around 1 thousand American homes for 1 year, but that’s just 15% of its full
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potential. That percentage is called a capacity factor and 15% is a very low capacity factor,
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with Ireland’s 5 year average wind energy capacity factor standing around 28%. [11]
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However this was a prototype which did not run continuously and was routinely taken offline
5:41
for inspection and research. In their best month, SeaGen produced 522 MWhs with a capacity
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factor of 59% and Seagen claim that is reproducible year round. [12] With a capacity factor of
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59% year round this would make tidal energy an incredibly reliable energy source with
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only minimal storage needed to smoothen out the peaks and troughs between the tides. With
6:09
a short time between peak power generation and minimum power generation, this form of
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tidal energy could use cheaper short-term energy storage solutions like mechanical batteries
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to create a desperately needed renewable baseload.
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This project was decommissioned in 2016, as part of the research process. It was vitally
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important to test whether these machines could be effectively removed from the environments
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with minimal impact. [13] And this is of course a major concern for any machinery being placed
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into a marine environment. Seagen satisfied this requirement having no significant effect
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on the local ecosystem, and they have since moved onto the next stage of their technology
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with Meygen, installed in between the Island of Stroma and the North East coast of Scotland.
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Their original lease agreement was for up 400 Megawatts, provided the initial testing
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phase with 4 turbines satisfied the environmental impact requirements. [14]
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The latest version of the underwater turbine now has 3 turbine blades, allowing for an
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increase in capacity to 1.5 MegaWatts with only a slightly increased diameter turbine
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over the 16 metre 0.5 MegaWatt turbines of their previous project in Northern Ireland.
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This turbine is also completely submerged, so it is not an eyesore for local residents.
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Seagen previously had actuators to lift the turbine out of the water to allow maintenance
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to occur, but the new generation of turbines are designed so the actual turbines and generators
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can simply be placed and removed from the substructure in about 30 minutes. [15] Making
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installation and maintenance vastly easier and cheaper.
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Environmental impact has been a central focus for the project and this started with a comprehensive
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survey of the surrounding ecosystem from seaweed and shellfish to the whales that occasionally
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visit the area.
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The area thankfully has such fast moving water that the seabed was stripped of sand and silt,
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so the installation had little impact on ecology of the rocky seafloor.
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The impact the installation could have on local marine mammals was of much larger concern
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with surveys showing a large population of both seals and dolphins, with several haul
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out areas for seals nearby. [16] Both of these mammals are sensitive to noise and will likely
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avoid any area with excessive sound. The noise levels these turbines emit are not terribly
8:43
high, as they move relatively slowly through the water. Their 544 page long environmental
8:49
report, which I read to the best of my ability in the 1 week of research I did for this video,
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indicates that seals will have a strong avoidance of the noise within 38 metres of the structures,
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while mild avoidance may extend as far as 168 metres. [17] With seal haulouts over a
9:07
kilometre away this was deemed acceptable. While dolphins are expected to avoid the noise
9:12
up to 100 metres and filter feeders like whales up to 500 metres, which may remove a small
9:19
section of sea from use, but will not act as a barrier to any significant feeding ground.
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A significant improvement over tidal barrages.
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This theory is backed up by surveys conducted during Seagen’s operation which found little
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evidence that the two turbines had a significant effect on the numbers of seals and dolphins
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during operation, but did have an effect during the construction phase where noise was much
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higher. [18]
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Area avoidance would be useful in the fact that it would prevent the animals from straying
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too close to the turbines and being struck by them. Potentially hurting themselves and
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damaging the turbine. Once again we can garner some positive data from Seagen, which examined
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all carcasses discovered near the site and found no evidence that any deaths were caused
10:06
by impacts to the turbines. [19]
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This seems unlikely but they theorize that these animals actually avoid the areas while
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the turbine is operating not because of sound, but because the water is flowing fast enough
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to make it too difficult to swim and catch prey.
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The last major worry for these types of devices is the fact that they need to use toxic anti-fouling
10:26
coatings to prevent marine growth on the turbines. However Meygen uses a clever low friction
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paint that self cleans as soon as the marine growth grows large enough where the drag overcomes
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their ability to adhere to the slippery paint.
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Additionally they trialed a sonar detection system that would allow them to track and
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potentially stop the turbines when larger animals occasional pass through the area.
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Without a doubt, these types of turbines would have less of an impact on the environment
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than tidal barrages seen in France and South Korea, but only time will tell whether this
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system in the far reaches of Scotland will have a small enough impact to encourage additional
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systems to be installed.
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Cost will still be a massive factor. Based on their companies financial reports the Meygen
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project generated 2.7 million dollars of revenue for the company in 2018. That’s 0.675 million
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dollars of revenue from each turbine. Based on their estimated cost for a further 49 turbines
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at 540 million dollars, we can calculate that each would come with an installation cost
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of around 11 million dollars, so that would require 16.3 years to recoup the cost of installation.
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Which is better than the 20 years it took to recoup the costs of tidal barrage system
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in France, and those numbers will likely continue to drop if the company manages to start manufacturing
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these underwater turbines on a larger scale.
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But it’s slow going. Iterating and improving on designs for tidal power is much more difficult
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than other forms of renewable energy. Testing has to take place in coastal waters, most
12:04
of which are public spaces, requiring extensive permitting and testing.
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It’s unlikely that these underwater turbines will ever compete on cost with onshore wind
12:13
turbines or solar, but thanks to the predictability of the tides this form of energy could provide
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a reliable baseload when combined with low cost batteries.
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If this project succeeds if could justify large scale manufacturing of these turbines
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and transform tidal energy from a small niche industry, to a huge player in the renewable
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energy industry.
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After all, Meygen is just one small section of a larger 1600 MW ocean energy project earmarked
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for Pentland Firth and Orkney, with mixes of both wave and tidal energy.[20]
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A colossal amount of energy which could go a long way to diversifying Scotland’s power
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usage, and we will delve into the world of wave energy in a future video.
13:01
In the meantime, you can learn more about other forms of renewable energies like solar
13:05
by watching some of my past videos on the topic, or taking this course on solar energy
13:10
on Brilliant. Or even better mark off one of your Christmas gifts and give the gift
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of life long learning to one of your loved one by gifting them a Brilliant Premium subscription.
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nurture their curiosity, build confidence and help develop vital problem solving skills
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from curiosity to mastery.
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This obviously works, because I had someone from Tesla contact me this week telling me
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they took this course on solar energy in preparation for an interview for Solar City.
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loved ones spark a lifelong love of learning.
14:02
As always, thanks for watching and thank you to all my Patreon supporters. If you would
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